Question

Summarize the 2 articles by focusing on the desgin of the reseach and main findings that are correlated with

Explain to new biology student (if related involve concepts of fitness, conflict and cooperation, biodiversity, extinction, origination, macroevolution, interactions between species)

Relate to:

a) adpative radiation

b) niche shift and release

c) macroevoluion.

https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/115/3/333/304929

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1a99/1b91379a1fb0b4ea05f8fd5cc616713be862.pdf?_ga=2.139493302.487145028.1532022261-29027174.1530827949

Answer 1

Zoophycos

• Zoophycos is one of imoortant fossil of phanarozoic times .
• It is one of simple aimal which developed into complex structure in course of time. Earlier it was shallow water living and later evolved to grow in deep marine waters.
• Four different morphological structures are considered. They are spreiten , primary lamellae , central axis and marginal tube.
• From the given fig 1 it is clear that Zoophycos are simple in paleozoic era and started to get complex in further eras.
• Initially Zoophycos was present in shallow marine waters . Later due to increase in population of other species zoophycos tend to live in less deep waters in Jurrasic and Triassic periods.
• In the cretaceous period Zoophycos coexisted with chondrites , thallassenoids and ophiomorpha .
• In the paleogene period zoophycos started to live in deep waters with chondrites.
• All these different levels of habitat can be occupied by Zoophycos is due to change in the morphological characters that are mentioned above.
• zoophycos was initially located only in northern hemisphere then gradually during coenozoic era it started to live in both northern and sourthen hemisphere . their geographical locations got diversified.
• By studying zoophycos occurence of certain other things during the period can also be visualised.
• The first Zoophycotic radiation was not increased due to the presence of altering marine environments.
• In the second radiation , many marine foral and faunal species can be accolunted.
• Zoophycos decreased in 3rd radiation . This is due to shift sea aggression during middle jurrasic .
• Zoophycos tend to live in all environmental changes and gets adapted easily according to the environment. This is called as adaptive radiation . Zoophycos that lived in coenozoic era is different from its ancestors.
• Presence of zoophycos increased biodiversity in the marine waters eg . zoophycos coexisted with chondrites. Making chondrites to move to deep waters. This caused macro evolution .
• The niche of the zoophycos shifted from shallow waters to deep waters and this created macroevolution of species.
• Thus change in niche , adaptive radiation caused macro evolution .

Salt tolerance in Angiosperms

• As the enviromental conditions change a simple organism develops into complex structure due to the pressure exerted upon it .
• Because of this due pressure the simple morphological feature is converted to complex structure.
• Initially flowering plants cannot survive in high salt environments .
• But later , clades such as chenopodeceae are found in flowering plants and complete the lifecycle in high salt concentrations.
• Moreover salt tolerant species are high complex structures which involves lots of Na and K channels and also difficult to breed .
• Salt tolerance species are found in all taxa but in lesser amounts.
• Salt tolerence must be evolved in grasses first and this developed macroevolutionary paths to other species like flowering plants.
• In course of time when plants receive high presure and stress it developed ability to live in increased salt enviornments.
• Ths, macro evolution and ability to live in increased salt concentrations in plants has occured due to adaptive radiation , as plants try to adapt to new environment compared to its ancestors.