Discuss the four mechanisms that bacteria use to resist antibiotics

Expert Solution

# Many microorganisms have the capability of developing resistance to antimicrobial agents.This mechanisms of resistance may be native to microorganisms (or) acquired from other microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance can be either plasmid mediated (or) maintained on bacterial chromosomes.

Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance are-

(1). Enzymatic degradation (or) inactivation of antibacterial drugs(i.e, antibiotics). Eg: Antibiotic hydrolysis mediated by bacterial enzyme beta-lactamase( resistance to pencilling and cephalosporins).

(2). Alteration of bacterial proteins that are antimicrobial targets ( i.e, modifications of drug receptor sites). Eg: alterations in penicillin-binding proteins, resistance to spfanamides, trimethoprim etc..

(3). Changes in membrane permeability to antibiotics (i.e, lack of entry to drugs). Eg: Resistance to beta lactam drugs, aminoglycosides etc..

(4). Active effux (i.e, greater exit of toxic chemicals) This system helps in the pumping of solutes out of cells and regulates the internal environment of bacteria by removing toxic substances which includes antimicrobial agents.

Continuous increase in antimicrobial resistance leads to fewer treatment options for patients and an associated increase in mortality. By understanding these mechanisms hopefully lead to better treatment options for infective diseases and development of more efficient antimicrobial drugs.

gladiator answered 53 minutes ago

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