White blood cells, also known as WBCs and leukocytes, protect the body from infection. WBCs arise from stem cells. There are three types: Lymphocytes, identified as B and T cells, derive from lymphoid stem cells while monocytes and granulocytes—which can be further broken down into neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils—derive from myeloid stem cells. Immature WBCs are known as blast cells. An increase in leukocyte levels is known as leukocytosis, whereas a decrease is referred to as leukopenia.

Disorders of WBCs include leukemias and lymphomas. Leukemias occur in the blood and involve WBC types other than lymphocytes whereas lymphomas occur in the lymph nodes and involve only lymphocytes. Regardless of the cell type or location of cell growth, both leukemias and lymphomas result in proliferating WBCs that are immature, poorly differentiated, and nonfunctioning. As these cells proliferate, they crowd out other blood cells types, such as red blood cells and platelets, which is why anemia and thrombocytopenia often occur with WBC neoplasms. Thrombocytopenia may result in suppressed clotting function.

Risk of infection may also be high as the proliferating WBCs are poorly functioning. Bone pain may be present as the bone marrow expands with the WBC production. Splenomegaly may also result due to infiltration of neoplastic blood cells or excessive hemolysis. Many times, splenomegaly is one of the first signs of leukemia or lymphoma. To diagnosis leukemia or lymphoma, a complete blood cell count with differential is performed to assess WBC levels. Bone marrow biopsies are also normally performed, as these cells originate in the marrow.

A patient is being tested for a hematological neoplasm. Which finding(s) would be present in the patient if he or she tests positive for the neoplasm? Select all that apply.

[]Increased proliferation of abnormal lymphocytes

[]Increased number of red blood cells

[]Increased number of platelets

[]Increased oxygen-carrying capacity

[]Increased leukocytosis

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