Here is a data set on bird populations with color variation. The Y gene is autosomal...

Here is a data set on bird populations with color variation. The Y gene is autosomal with a Y allele (yellow plumage) and y allele (brown plumage), where Y is dominant to y (Y > y). The survey shows phenotypic frequencies for a large mainland population on the coast of Ecuador and a small island population. The island population was founded in 1960 by a small flock of birds. Thereafter, there has been some gene flow between the mainland and the island. Answer the following questions based on these data.

Census year Mainland Island

yellow brown yellow brown

1960 4,550 451 4 12

1970 4,157 438 58 78

1980 4,653 399 203 99

1990 4,159 404 367 35

For 1970, estimate m, the rate of gene flow from the mainland to the island population. HINT: The simplest way to do this is to focus on the frequency of the recessive allele, f(y). Calculate f(y) on the mainland and island populations in 1960 (initial frequencies) and on the island population for 1970 (projected frequency). Then solve for m.

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