Question

1. Describe what is known about transmission of both Ebola and Coronavirus. You must include in this answer a discussion of the organism itself (i.e. is it a virus, bacteria- what makes it unique).
2. Describe the immune response (both humoral and cell-mediated) to Ebola and Coronavirus that typically occurs (please include a graphic depiction).
3. Discuss the difficulty in creating a vaccine for both Ebola and Coronavirus.
4. Discuss the cultural and lifestyle changes that can reduce transmission of both Ebola and Coronavirus and why these can be difficult to enact.

Answer 1

1. The Ebola virus is transmitted among humans through close and direct physical contact with infected bodily fluids, the most infectious being blood, faeces and vomit.The Ebola virus has also been detected in breast milk, urine and semen. In a convalescent male, the virus can persist in semen for at least 70 days; one study suggests persistence for more than 90 days.Saliva and tears may also carry some risk. In studies of saliva, the virus was found most frequently in patients at a severe stage of illness. The whole live virus has never been isolated from sweat.The Ebola virus can also be transmitted indirectly, by contact with previously contaminated surfaces and objects. The risk of transmission from these surfaces is low and can be reduced even further by appropriate cleaning and disinfection procedures.

In case of corona virus, this section briefly describes possible modes of transmission for SARS-CoV-2, including contact, droplet, airborne, fomite, fecal-oral, bloodborne, mother-to-child, and animal-to-human transmission. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes respiratory illness ranging from mild disease to severe disease and death, and some people infected with the virus never develop symptoms.

Contact and droplet transmission

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can occur through direct, indirect, or close contact with infected people through infected secretions such as saliva and respiratory secretions or their respiratory droplets, which are expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks or sings.(2-10)Respiratory droplets are >5-10 μm in diameter whereas droplets <5μm in diameter are referred to as droplet nuclei. Respiratory droplet transmission can occur when a person is in close contact (within 1 metre) with an infected person who has respiratory symptoms (e.g. coughing or sneezing) or who is talking or singing; in these circumstances, respiratory droplets that include virus can reach the mouth, nose or eyes of a susceptible person and can result in infection. Indirect contact transmission involving contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated object or surface (fomite transmission) may also be possible.

2. The particularly aggressive nature of Ebola virus stems from its ability to rapidly disarm the infected person's immune system  by blocking the development of a virus-specific adaptive immune response . White blood cells are an important part of our immune system.  Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response , a loss of lymphocytes and a general paralysis of the immune system , however pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood.

In case of attack The signals they generate trigger another class of chemicals — cytokines and chemokines — and they alert the immune system i to send an array of different kinds of cells that specialise in destroying viral particles.

3.The pathway from discovery through early development for a vaccine is similar to that of a biotherapeutic, including the high risk of attrition at many stages in the process.

• The Epibase platform is a flexible, long-established set of tools with wide HLA coverage
• In silico and in vitro tools provide immunogenicity prediction for vaccine candidates
• Aid in the development of vaccines with the appropriate immune response
• Use a fully human system to maximize the chance of developing a safe and potent vaccine
• Can provide crucial human proof of concept data in the early stages of vaccine development
• Expert scientists from our Applied Protein Service steam will help to analyze and interpret the data and to provide recommendations throughout the process

4. Both the disease can be prevented through avoiding risk factors like avoid touching, handling. Maintain some standards to avoid infections, that are avoid close contact, avoid shake hands. Use personal protective equipments like glove mask ppe kit etc. And also avoid close contact maintain socialbdisttancing.