Question

1. Silicon is the main ingredient of both glass and semiconductor materials. Why are the physical properties of glass different from those of semiconductors?

1. The silicon atoms in semiconductors are bonded with oxygen atoms to form a crystal; in semiconductors the silicon is pure and thus forms the amorphous structure.

2. Silicon has no effect on the properties of glass and semiconductors.

3. The silicon atoms in semiconductors form a crystal; in glass they are bonded with oxygen atoms to form the amorphous silicon dioxide.

4. The silicon in glass does not have elec- trons, while the silicon in semiconductors does.

002 The three main rock types are distinguished on the basis of which of the following charac- teristics?

I) composition

II) texture

III) size and shape of mineral or rock grains

1. I only

2. III only

3. I, II and III

4. I and II only

5. II only

003 Which of the following are all examples of minerals?

1. petroleum, coal, iron, feldspar, basalt

2. water, mercury, metallic hydrogen, lime-stone

3. copper, ice, quartz, topaz, diamond, corundum

4. gold, silver, uranium, lead, silica, iron

5. bronze, steel, glass, aluminium, pencil lead

004 Common examples of sulfide and sulfate minerals, respectively, are

1. galena and pyrite.

2. fluorite and pyrite.

3. galena and gypsum.

4. galena and hematite.

5. gypsum and anhydrite.

005 Cleavage is defined as

1. None of these

2. planes of a fracture resulting from strong bonds.

3. smooth, flat, reflective surfaces.

4. planes of weak bonds along which a mineral splits.

5. surfaces of a smooth, curved fracture.

006 Minerals originate from crystallization of

1. molten magma.

2. All of these

3. chemical alteration of pre-existing minerals.

4. hydrothermal solutions.

5. seawater.

007 Which of the following is an example of a mineral resource?

1. sand

2. salt

3. All of these

4. gold

5. petroleum

008 For minerals classified within any one silicate group, which of the following is true?

1. None of these

2. They have similar physical properties.

3. They have similar chemical compositions.

4. They have similar arrangements of silicate tetrahedra.

5. They have similar bonds.

009 Dolomite belongs to which mineral group?

1. sulfates

2. sulfides

3. halides

4. carbonates

010 For what is chromium commonly used?

1. catalytic converters

2. aluminum ore

3. brake linings and lubricants

4. carbide-cutting tool parts

5. wiring

6. stainless steel

011 When metals react with oxygen they form

1. new elements

2. oxides

3. metalloids

4. halides

012 Limestone structures made of the skeletal structures of living organisms are

1. organic reefs.

2. organic colonies.

3. inorganic reefs.

4. inorganic colonies.

5. None of these

013 The rock cycle is an illustration of three different rock types and

1. their potential change over time.

2. their relation to internal and external processes.

3. All of these

4. their environments of formation.

014 Which of the following best describes sedimentary rocks?

1. deposition of ash and larger particles produced by volcanism

2. compaction and cementation of rock fragments, precipitates, and organic matter

3. weathering, transport, and deposition of sediment from pre-existing rock

4. alteration of sediment by heat, pressure,and chemical activity of water

015 Precipitation from solution is a characteristic of which type of rock?

1. sedimentary

2. igneous

3. metamorphic

016 Plutonic rocks form

I) below the surface of the ground.

II) above the surface of the ground.

III) by crystallization of magmas intruded into surrounding rocks.

1. II only

2. I only

3. I and III only

4. I, II and III

5. III only

017 A sill is a

1. concordant, tabular body of intrusive igneous rocks that warps rocks upward.

2. concordant, tabular body of intrusive igneous rocks.

3. discordant, tabular body of intrusive igneous rocks.

4. discordant, massive body of intrusive igneous rocks.

5. concordant, tabular body of extrusive igneous rocks.

018 An example of a shield volcano is

1. Mount St. Helens.

2. Mount Shasta.

3. Mount Mazama.

4. Fujiyama.

5. Kilauea.

019 An example of a composite volcano is

1. Nevado del Ruiz, Columbia.

2. Mount Vesuvius, Italy.

3. All of these

4. Fujiyama, Japan.

5. Mount St. Helens, Washinton.

020 Weathering is classified into which of the following categories?

1. mechanistic and compositional

2. mechanical and physical

3. physical and chemical

4. organic and inorganic

5. chemical and mechanical

021 The rounding and sorting of detrital sediment is a function of

I) the transport process or mechanism.

II) the transport distance.

III) depositional environment.

1. I only

2. II only

3. II and III only

4. I, II and III

5. III only

022 Sedimentary rocks include

1. any layered rock consisting of grains.

2. rocks which have been altered by compression.

3. any material which has settled from water.

4. rocks which have been weathered.

5. organic, rock and mineral fragments, and precipitated minerals.

023 10.0 During the process of lithification, sedimentary rocks experience which of the following?

I) cementation

II) compaction

III) dereased void space

1. II only

2. I only

3. III only

4. I and II only

5. I, II and III

024 Metamorphism is physical and chemical change that occurs in such a way that

1. the rock reaches equilibrium with its new environment.

2. a dynamic equilibrium is reached.

3. equilibrium with the new environment is disturbed.

4. disequilibrium is reached with the new physical and chemical environment.

5. the rock�s chemistry and texture become increasingly unstable.

025 Contact metamorphism is found along the boundaries between country rock and

1. dikes.

2. sills.

3. laccoliths.

4. All of these

5. bathoiths.

026 What is the parent rock type for Greenstone?

1. SIX

2. shale/mudrocks

3. mafic igneous rocks

4. lowgrade coal

5. quartz sandstone

6. feldspar and quartz sandstone (arkose)

027 Among the mineral resources NOT found in deep sea sediments are

1. reef rock.

2. sand and gravel.

3. iron, copper, and zinc.

4. silver and gold.

5. manganese nodules.

028 Volcanic rocks can usually be distinguished from plutonic rocks by

1. composition.

2. color.

3. the size of their mineral grains.

4. iron-magnesium content.

5. weight.

029 The process whereby dissolved mineral matter precipitates in the pore spaces of sediment and binds it together is

1. arkose.

2. compaction.

3. ionic bonding.

4. cementation.

5. weathering.

030 Which of the following metamorphic rocks displays a foliated texture?

1. marble

2. greenstone

3. schist

4. hornfels

5. quartzite

031 The principle of the rock cycle is that

1. any rock can be transformed into a new rock of the same or a different class.

2. rocks progress from sedimentary to metamorphic to igneous and back to sedimentary.

3. the first rocks on Earth were igneous and now all rocks are sedimentary.

4. all rocks can become sediments but only metamorphic rocks can become sedimentary

rocks.

5. rocks progress from igneous to metamorphic and sedimentary to metamorphic over

time.

032 Sedimentary rocks composed of broken shells or particles of pre-existing rocks are said to

have a

1. porphyritic texture.

2. crystalline texture.

3. biogenic texture.

4. microcrystalline texture.

5. clastic texture.

033 Graded bedding forms when

1. sediment is deposited on a steep slope or grade.

2. erosion planes off a portion of the sea bottom.

3. turbidity currents deposit first fine sediment followed by coarse sediment.

4. cross-bedding is truncated.

5. turbidity currents deposit first coarse sediment then fine sediment.

034 The three major structural parts of the Earth are

1. lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

2. core, mantle and crust.

3. lithosphere, atmosphere and crust.

4. mantle, crust and atmosphere.

035 If no one has ever visited the core of the Earth, how do we know that it is composed of metals?

1. Circulating liquid metals in the core set up a large (measurable) magnetic field.

2. Spectroscopy allows us to tell what the core is made of by analyzing the light we see

from it.

3. There is NO evidence that the Earth�s core has metals.

4. Core material seeps up through volcanoes in the crust.

5. The amount of radioactivity shows metals must be present; only metals are radioac-

tive.

036 Earthquake-producing faults are much more likely to be found

1. in smooth continental desert areas.

2. where the Earth�s magnetic field touches the planet�s surface.

3. Such faults are equally likely to be anywhere on the Earth�s crust.

4. on the boundaries of continental plates, where they meet other plates.

5. in the southern hemisphere of the Earth, where there is more water.

037 About how many kilometers (miles) is it from the Earth�s center to the outer edge of the

outer core?

1. 35 ? 72 kilometers (22 ? 45 miles)

2. 2,880 kilometers (1,800 miles)

3. 12,523 kilometers (7,827 miles)

4. 1,264 kilometers (790 miles)

5. 3,456 kilometers (2,160 miles)

038 Consider the following elements. Which lists represents the main components of the Earth�s crust?

1. oxygen, uranium, thorium

2. oxygen, silicon, aluminium

3. iron, aluminium, carbon

4. iron, hydrogen, oxygen

5. oxygen, silicon, uranium

039 As you know, Earth is layered inside. The layers have different thicknesses and densities. How do geologists know this?

1. from drilling and digging down into the various layers

2. from comparisons with drill cores taken by robot spacecraft on Mars and Venus

3. from observing the characteristics of lava and gas issuing from volcanic vents

4. None of these

5. from observing the transit times through the Earth of waves generated by large earthquakes

040 Tsunami or seismic sea waves are generated by

1. breaking internal waves.

2. storms at sea.

3. tidal currents in the open sea.

4. coastal or submarine earthquakes.

041 Earth is considered dynamic because

1. surface landscapes are constantly changing due to erosion and deposition.

2. the impact of human activity is continuous.

3. the lithosphere and asthenosphere are constantly changing.

4. rocks are susceptible to weathering.

042 Seismology has produced a great amount of information about

I) the mechanisms of plate tectonics.

II) the physical and chemical state of Earth�s interior.

III) the causes of mountain building.

1. III only

2. All of these

3. II only

4. I only

5. I and II only

043 An example of one of the strongest earthquakes of intraplate origin known in North America in historical times is

1. the 1984 Mount St. Helens, Washington, earthquake.

2. the 1811 New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake.

3. the 1964 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake.

4. the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

5. the 1886 Charleston, Carolina, earthquake.

044 Any one type of seismic wave will vary in its actual velocity depending on

I) the length of the route it has taken.

II) the material through which it has traveled.

III) whether it has traveled through Earth or along its surface.

IV) the depth of the hypocenter.

1. IV only

2. I only

3. II only

4. III only

5. I and II only

045 At a boundary between materials of different density and elasticity, P- and S-waves are

1. reflected.

2. not affected.

3. reflected and refracted.

4. refracted.

046 The S-wave shadow zone exists because

1. S-waves do not travel through liquids.

2. S-waves weaken substantially as they travel through liquids.

3. S-waves only travel to a certain depth.

4. S-waves are reflected off liquids.

047 P-wave velocities in continental crust are (faster than, slower than, the same as) in oceanic crust.

1. faster than

2. slower than

3. the same as

048 Which is the fourth layer of the Earth, ordering from the surface inward to the center of the Earth?

1. asthenosphere

2. inner core

3. crust

4. upper mantle

5. lower mantle

6. outer core

049 A) The S-wave shadow zone is evidence that the outer core is liquid.

B) The mantle�s density is uniform with depth at any given level.

C) P-wave rays are most commonly reflected while S-wave rays are refracted.

Which of the preceding statements is/are true?

1. None is true.

2. Only C is true.

3. A, B, and C are true.

4. Only A is true.

5. Only B and C are true.

6. Only A and C are true.

7. Only A and B are true.

8. Only B is true.

050 Plate movement is thought to be the result of

1. density differences between the mantle and core.

2. gravitational forces.

3. rotation of the mantle around the core.

4. convection cells.

5. the Coriolis effect.

051 Which of the following statements about the asthenosphere is not true?

1. It has the same composition as the lower mantle.

2. It lies beneath the lithosphere.

3. It acts like a lubricating layer allowing plates to move.

4. It is a rigid rock layer.

5. It behaves plastically.

Answer 1

2) 3. I, II and III

3) 3. copper, ice, quartz, topaz, diamond, corundum

4) 5. gypsum and anhydrite.

The most common hydrous sulfate by far is gypsum,  The anhydrous equivalent of gypsum is anhydrite

5) 1. None of these

Cleavage, in structural geology and petrology, describes a type of planar rock feature that develops as a result of deformation and metamorphism

6) 2. All of these

7) 4. gold

8) 4. They have similar arrangements of silicate tetrahedra.

9) 4. carbonates

10) 3. brake linings and lubricants

11)2. oxides

12)1. organic reefs.

13)3. All of these

14)2. compaction and cementation of rock fragments, precipitates, and organic matter

15)1. sedimentary

16)3. I and III only

17) 2. concordant, tabular body of intrusive igneous rocks

18)5. Kilauea.

19)3. All of these

20)5. chemical and mechanical

21)4. I, II and III

22)5. organic, rock and mineral fragments, and precipitated minerals

24)1. the rock reaches equilibrium with its new environment.

25)4. All of these

26)3. mafic igneous rocks

27)1. reef rock.

28)3. the size of their mineral grains.

29)4. cementation.

30)3. schis