In textbook Chapter 18 section 18.3 you will find a description of “Trophic Cascades”.  Explain what this means.

      Describe how the concept of trophic cascade is related to the Keystone species concept in Chapter 17.

A chemical industry produces 200 tons of sulfuric acid per day when running at 24 hours. The acid is cooled in a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger from 60 0C to 40 0C. The cooling medium employed is water, which enters the heat exchanger at 15 0C and leaves at 20 0C. The acid flows through the inner pipe, while water flows through the annulus. The inner and outer diameters of the inner pipe are 70 mm and 80 mm, respectively, while that of outer pipe are 120 mm and 130 mm, respectively. The thermal conductivity of the inner pipe is 46.5 W/m-K. Use Dittus-Boelter’s equation for the estimation of heat transfer coefficients. Calculate the (a) mass flow rate of water in kg/h. (b) length of the heat exchanger. The properties of water at mean bulk temperature are: ρ = 998.2 kg/m3, Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg-K, k = 0.598 W/m-K and υ = 1.006 × 10-6 m2/s. The properties of acid at mean bulk temperature are: ρ = 1800 kg/m3, Cp = 1.465 kJ/kg-K, k = 0.302 W/m-K and υ = 6.8 × 10-6 m2/s.

What are the side effects of phenylephrine as a drug for nasal congestion? the side effects should be explained and arranged as per frequency of occurrence (how common they are, ratio of patients using the drug will get them) and  or importance (how serious)

Why is a nuclear power plant less efficient in converting heat energy to electricity than a fossil-fueled power plant?  

What is the region with the highest amount of carbon in soils

Article 1

Chapters 1-3, Topics: Climate Change; Major Global Atmospheric Wind Patterns

Article Assignments: the student will be required to write a one-page article on physical geography (type one paragraph, 4-8 sentences) (see following website links for some online sources or use hard copy newspapers or magazines) covering the summary or the article in your own words. Temporal (time) scale of article should be within the last 10-years, unless you are writing on a larger geological temporal scale (ex: decades, hundreds, thousands, millions, or billions of years). You must include two images (one must be a map of article location and one image, chart, graph, or table), and geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude; AKA: Lat/Lon) of article topics’ physical location (please see following URLs to obtain your Lat/Lon:

A 0.020 mol sample of carbon monoxide (CO) is placed in a cylinder fitted with a movable frictionless piston. This gaseous sample - initially at volume V_i = 4.00 L - has a pressure of 0.400 atm - identical to the external pressure. This gaseous sample then undergoes a cyclic process. Throughout the cyclic process, the sample is thermostatted at a Kelvin temperature T. The details of this cyclic process:

First, a two-step expansion carried out as follows:   
The external pressure is decreased to 0.200 atm and is held constant at this value while the volume change takes place. The first step involves a volume change from V_i to V₁.

Second:
The external pressure is decreased to 0.100 atm and is held constant at this value while the volume change takes place. The second step involves a volume change from V₁ to V₂ .

Next, a one-step compression is carried out:
The external pressure is increased to a value of P_{ext 1C} and is held constant at this value while the volume change takes place. One-step compression involves a volume change from V₂ to a final volume V_f.  P_{ext 1C} and V_f are consistent with the overall process being a cyclic one.

(a) Determine V₁ (in L), V₂ (in L), Vf (in L), and P_{ext 1C} (in atm) for this system and work for each step in the cycle: w_1E , w_2E , and w_1C .  

(b) Sketch the two-step expansion on P-V graph

c) Sketch the one-step compression on P-V graph
  

Please type!!

Climate change is an important problem that impacts all of us, yet it is so complex that it is hard to summarize in a convenient sound bite that is easy for the public to digest. In recent years it has also become political, since the fix impacts our energy use, which is the basis of our economy, and much is at stake. In your opinion, are humans causing global warming and what is your strongest argument for your opinion?

State the significant difference between catalyst deactivation by coking and sulfur poisoning.

Which of the following is wrong as a method of fire prevention common to dangerous goods of Class 3? (1) Store in a cool place. (2) Do not close the container and store it with air permeability. (3) Do not contact with water. (4) Keep away from fire. (5) Be careful of damage or corrosion of the container.

Give the raw materials,process description, flow sheet and engineering problems faced in the production of ACETIC ACID

Cities, States, and Businesses Lead the Way to Reduce Greenhouse Gases

Although the United States signed the original Kyoto Protocol, the U.S. Congress never ratified the agreement so the protocol has never been legally binding on the United States. The administration of President George W. Bush argued that there was no scientific consensus on global warming and that the costs of reducing greenhouse gases were simply too high. However, many state and local governments felt they had waited long enough for change at the federal level. In 2005, mayors from 141 cities and both major political parties gathered in San Francisco to organize their own efforts to reduce the causes and consequences of global warming. Their goal was to reduce greenhouse emissions in their own cities by the same 7 percent that the United States had agreed to in the Kyoto Protocol.

As of 2014, a total of 1,060 out of 1,139 mayors of U.S. cities had signed the U.S. Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. Among the reasons the mayors cited for supporting this agreement were concerns in their communities over increasing droughts, reduced supplies of fresh water due to melting glaciers, and rising sea levels in coastal cities. “The United States inevitably will have to join this effort,” Seattle mayor Greg Nickels said. “Ultimately we will make it impossible for the federal government to say no. They will see that it can be done without huge economic disruption and that there’s support throughout the country to do this.”

Similar actions are being taken at the state level. In 2005, then-governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger stated at a press conference, “The debate is over . . . and we know the time for action is now.” In 2006, Governor Schwarzenegger signed the California Global Warming Solutions Act. The goal of the act was to bring California into compliance with the Kyoto Protocol by 2020, an effort that would require a 25 percent reduction in greenhouse gases for a state that, if a country, would be the tenth largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world. At the signing ceremony, the governor stated, “I say unquestionably it is good for businesses.” Indeed, a cost analysis by the California Air Resources Board in 2008 indicated that the law would add $27 billion to the economy of the state and add 100,000 jobs.

The California effort is gaining popularity around the country. In the northeastern United States, for example, nine states have joined together collectively to form the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative to control regional production of greenhouse gases. A similar group emerged in western North America when seven western states and four Canadian provinces joined together in 2007 to form the Western Climate Initiative. For both groups, the goal was to to regulate greenhouse emissions. By 2014, northeastern group continued to work together while the western group had a reduced membership that included only California and the four Canadian provinces.

A number of large businesses are also joining in efforts to reduce greenhouse gases. General Electric, for example, announced in 2014 that it had reduced its greenhouse emissions by 34 percent since 2004. In addition, the company has invested $12 billion for research and development of technologies that can reduce greenhouse gases and is planning to invest a total of $25 billion by 2020. In 2011, General Electric announced that its technology generated more than $100 billion in revenues, which confirmed that creating technology that would reduce greenhouse emissions was a profitable thing to do.

In 2013, the New York Times reported that a growing number of companies including Microsoft, ExxonMobil, and Google have developed long-term financial plans that include the cost of producing greenhouse gases. These companies recognize that the scientific evidence of human-caused global climate change continues to grow and that they will increasingly need to factor the costs of emissions into their budgets. Those companies that include plans to accommodate and reduce these costs are likely to profit from such planning.

From these stories, it is clear that progress on reducing greenhouse gases that cause global warming does not have to wait for national and international agreements to take effect. The public overwhelmingly understands that Earth is warming, states and cities are pushing forward with solutions that save money, and large corporations understand that reducing emissions can reduce costs and improve profits over the long term. In short, curbing greenhouse gases and global warming is not only good for humans and the environment, it can be good for business as well.

Critical Thinking Questions

1.What data might city mayors use to support their assertion that humans are causing global warming?

2.Why is it more effective for states and provinces to create regional partnerships to combat global warming rather than doing so alone?

14.7 Batch and continuous biomass production Pseudomonas methylotrophus is used to produce single cell protein from methanol in a 1000-m3 pressure-cycle airlift fermenter. The biomass yield from substrate is 0.41 g/g, KS is 0.7 mg/l, and the maximum specific growth rate is 0.44 1/h. The medium contains 4% (w/v) methanol. A substrate conversion of 98% is desirable. The reactor may be operated in either batch or continuous mode. If operated in batch, an inoculum of 0.01% (w/v) is used and the downtime between batches is 20 h. If continuous operations are used at steady state, a downtime of 25 days is expected per year. Neglecting maintenance requirements, compare the annual biomass production achieved using batch and continuous reactors.