State environmental regulators have fined Duke Energy more than $6.6 million for a coal ash spill that fouled 70 miles of the Dan River two years ago last week. The Department of Environmental Quality issued the fine, along with a $207,000 bill for the agency's enforcement work, on Monday. The fine covers civil penalties the company committed before, during and after the Feb. 2, 2014, spill from ash ponds at Duke's shuttered Dan River Steam Station near Eden. The spill occurred when a corrugated metal stormwater pipe that ran under the ash ponds collapsed, allowing an estimated 39,000 tons of ash to flow from the unlined pits into the river. Coal ash is the material left over after coal is burned for energy, and it contains arsenic, mercury, lead and other materials harmful to humans and wildlife. The spill prompted the General Assembly to pass a law in 2014 requiring Duke to close all of its coal ash ponds statewide by 2029. The ash ponds in Eden and at three other sites were placed first on the priority list and must be closed by 2019. Duke has already started moving some of the ash by train to a Virginia landfill, and the company plans to create a lined landfill at the Eden plant site for the rest of the ash. The collapse of the stormwater pipe and the spill itself accounted for only $1.8 million of the fine, while $3.1 million was for environmental violations linked to years of leaks from the ash ponds into a second stormwater pipe that ran into the Dan River. The remainder of the fine was for Duke not properly maintaining the plant site to minimize the risk of a spill. The state is holding Duke Energy accountable so that it and others understand there are consequences to breaking the law," Secretary of Environmental Quality Donald van der Vaart said in a statement. Duke last May pleaded guilty to violations of the federal Clean Water Act in connection with the Dan River spill and with discharges from four other coal-fired power plants in North Carolina. The Charlotte-based utility agreed to pay $102 million in fines and restitution. DEQ said the state fine issued Monday is based on those violations, and the agency could issue additional fines for other violations associated with the spill. The Southern Environmental Law Center, which has challenged Duke's and DEQ's handling of coal ash leaks in court for years, called the fine "three years too late." "DEQ admits that Duke Energy committed over 2,000 violations of North Carolina law, which DEQ and Duke Energy failed to address prior to the Dan River spill, and it has taken DEQ two years to assess this fine for thousands of obvious violations of law," Frank Holleman, senior attorney for the SELC, said in a statement. "The Dan River spill was entirely unnecessary, and this fine against a multi-billion-dollar company does not solve any of the ongoing problems that continue to threaten North Carolina’s communities and clean water." Meanwhile, Duke officials said "the Dan River is thriving" after the spill and that company continues working to meet the state mandate to close all of its ash ponds. "We will review the action taken by NCDEQ today as we continue to work as quickly as the state process will allow to safely close coal ash basins," the company said in a statement. "At the Dan River facility and across the state, we’re making strong progress in closing basins in ways that protect people and the environment, comply with state and federal coal ash laws, minimize impact to communities and manage cost."

1. Discuss the news story?

2. What are your inputs on it?

discuss the signification of salt content analysis in crude sample?

Humans use minerals and rocks for every object we have. Choose ONE mineral, mineraloid, or rock that has been important enough to mine for our human civilization. Explain how we use it in our lives. You should not post a choice that already has been posted by another student. Post NEEDS to be a minimum of 300 words. (I already asked this question here but the answer I got was all over the place. Just a suggestion, Diamond or Bronze are good ones. Also thank you in advance :) )

100 kg/hr of aqueous mixture containing 74 %wt of sucrose is cooled from 60 ˚C to 20 ˚C. Due to the decrease in temperature, some of the sugar precipitates out from the mixture as crystals and are subsequently removed via a separator unit.  In the separation of the crystals, for every 1 kg of crystals removed, 0.05 kg of the aqueous mixture will be removed together with the crystals.  Calculate the mass flow rate of the remaining saturated aqueous solution (in kg/hr).

Assume that the solubility of sucrose as a function of temperature in ˚C is given by the equation: %wt sucrose = 63.2 + 0.146T + 0.0006T2

1.Describe in words the relationships between lava chemical composition, lava viscosity, and volcano shapes. Illustrate your answer with sketches of at least two types of volcano shapes.

2.In words and/or diagrams, compare and contrast strombolian and Plinian eruption styles. Be sure to address the relative magnitude (how much material is erupted?), eruption duration (how long does it last?), how explosive the eruption is, and the types of erupted materials.

3.Name and describe three tectonic environments in which volcanism occurs. For each environment, briefly describe the primary magma generation mechanism (with or without accompanying diagrams, as needed).

4.Explain in words how Bowen’s Reaction Series (BRS) works, and how it results in lavas with different chemical compositions. List two physical characteristics that differ between the initial lava and the final lava produced near the end of the fractional crystallization process. What rock names would you give to each of those lavas (i.e.., the initial and final products) if they erupted? Be sure you are clear about which is which.

Problem 1 (20 pts) Problem 1.3 rice
Pure water is passing through a tube constructed of solid Citric acid. Since citric acid is slightly soluble in water (denote solubility as C* moles acid/cm3 solution), the inner walls of the tube will dissolve very slowly. By weighing the dried tube before and after exposure, it is possible to calculate the rate of mass transfer.
a. Sketch a flow diagram of the system ( 5 pts)
b. Take a quasi-steady-state material balance for plug velocity profiles and show that the ODE obtained is: (10 pts)
−??????+??(4?)(?∗−?)=0
where D denotes the inner tube diameter (taken as approximately invariant), v0 is liquid velocity, and kC is the (constant) mass transfer coefficient.
c. Solve the equation in a to express C as a function of Z? (5 pts)

This was given as a discussion question. No further information. I believe it has to be a biological and non-biological molecule.

Give one biological example of where shape determines function AND one non biological example. Be sure to explain how the shape helps the function.

Restoration of Floodplains

What are the similarities and differences of forested and arid floodplain wetlands

what are conservation issues in floodplain wetlands

what contributes to biodiversity in floodplain wetlands

Questions Assume: DAR = 10°C per km (10°C km-1 ) MAR = 6°C per km (6°C km-1 ) DpR = 2°C per km (2°C km-1 ) for “dry” air, DpR = MAR for saturated air

5. Consider a parcel of air that approaches Canada’s west coast from over the Pacific Ocean. The air has a temperature of 12°C and a dew point temperature of 6°C. As the air blows onshore, it is forced to rise from sea level (0 m) over the Coast Mountains of British Columbia (2000 m) and then descends to 400 m (elevation of Kelowna BC). Find:

a) The lifting condensation level (LCL) in metres. (3)

b) The air temperature and dew point temperature of the parcel when it reaches Kelowna. (3)

c) Fully explain any differences between the starting conditions of the air parcel and the final conditions. (3)

What are your main learnings about idea generation and prototyping from the building the London of the future activity? How did this activity impact your design thinking perspective?

Assuming that you are taking an active part in trying to eradicate the invasive species from your area, what information do you need to adequately understand and address pests and pathogens? (e.g. information on the ecology, spread and effects of important pest and pathogen; information on how to identify them; information on strategies for preventing their spread and harmful effects)

Heptadecane (A) is being absorbed from a dilute gaseous mixture with 1-Octyne (B) by Hydrochloric Acid in a wetted wall column. The following experimental data are available:

a. Inside diameter = 43 mm

b. Average gas velocity = 250 cm/s

c. Gas Temperature = 50 °C

d. Total Pressure = 1 atm

At a certain point in the column, the partial pressure of A in B is 30 mmhg and the mol fraction of Heptadecane at the gas side of the interface is 0.009. Predict the mass diffusivity using Fuller et. al. equation. Calculate the rate of absorption of A.

Some mountain glaciers are advancing (e.g. those of the Karakoram range in the Greater Himalaya). How can mountain glaciers advance while the global mean temperature is increasing?

1. What would the intensity of shaking be on the Modified Mercalli scale?

   	a.	I
   	b.	II
   	c.	III
   	d.	IV
   	e.	V
   	f.	VI
   	g.	VII
   	h.	VIII
   	i.	IX
   	j.	X
   	k.	XI
   	l.	XII

Compare the maximum thickness of the boundary layer that develops due to uniform flow past a flat plate when the fluid is

(a) air, (b) water, (c) glycerol.

The plate length is 3 m and the approaching fluid velocity is 4 m/s.