3. The water-gas shift reaction (CO + H­₂O à CO₂ + H_­2) occurs in a series of two reactors. An equimolar mixture of steam and CO (stream 1) enters the first reactor. The product stream from the first reactor (stream 3) and an additional stream (stream 3) containing pure steam enter the second reactor. The fractional conversion of CO in the first reactor is 0.610, and the fractional conversion of CO in the second reactor is 0.790. The product stream has a water (steam) mole fraction of 0.210.

1. Draw and fully label a PFD for the process.
2. What is the fractional conversion of CO for the overall process?
3. What is the ratio of the molar flow rate of stream 2 relative to the molar flow rate of stream 1?
4. Put a box around the answers to the questions in b. and c. You will receive 5 points for answering with the correct number of significant digits.

Use: Air at a temperature of 293 K, with 50% saturation pressure for water in the air far

above the pool and a velocity of 0.5 m/sec. The vapor pressure of water at this temperature

is 2.3388 kPa. The length is 10 m and the width is 4 m. How fast will the level drop in a

day? The kinematic viscosity of air is 1.51 x 10-5m2/sec. The gas constant is 8.314 Pa.m3/(mol.K). The diffusion coefficient is 0.25 cm2/sec.

Show all work and intermediate calculations WITH UNITS. Answers should be boxed with units.

Consider a standing person in the center of a large room. Approximate the person as a vertical cylinder of 1.8 m tall and 0.4 m diameter. Average surface temperature of the person is 33°C, and the emissivity of skin surface is 0.96. (a) Calculate the radiative heat transfer from this person. Neglect heat loss from the ends of the cylinder (b) What is the wavelength λmax where the maximum amount of energy will be radiated? (c) What region (primarily) of electromagnetic spectrum is the radiation calculated in b? (d) If a detector is available that can detect only in the wavelength range λmax ± 5 μm, what fraction of the total energy from the human being will this detector be sensitive to?

You burn 12.3 mL of octane (C8H18, a liquid with a density of 0.703 g/mL and a molar mass of 114.23 g/mol, which is a major component of gasoline) in a piston. Initial conditions of the piston:

Initial volume of 1.6 L (ignore the small volume contribution of liquid octane).

Initial pressure of 1.00 atm (which is also this system’s ambient pressure).

Initial temperature of 0.00 °C (which is also this system’s ambient temperature).

Initial content is air, 20.0% O2 and 80.0% N2.

You then perform a complete combustion reaction (hydrocarbon reacting with molecular gaseous oxygen to yield carbon dioxide gas and water VAPOR gas).

Final conditions of the piston:

Final pressure of 1.00 atm (it was allowed to equilibrate to ambient pressure)

Final temperature of 0.00 °C (it was allowed to equilibrate to ambient temperature).

Final contents contains the combustion products, leftover oxygen (if any), and unreacted nitrogen.

Calculate the final volume of the piston

A countercurrent system is to treat (on an hourly basis) 10 tons of gangue (inert material), 1.2 tons of copper
sulfate, and 0.5 tons of water with water as a fresh solvent. The solution produced is 10 percemt copper
sulphate (remainder water). After each stage. 1 ton of inert retains two tons of water plus dissolved copper
sulphate. How many stages are needed for a 98 percent of copper sulphate recovery?

SEPA-LEACHING

Consider the titration of 50.0 mL of 0.0500 M Cu+ with 0.1000 M Fe3+ to give Cu2+ and Fe2+ using Pt and standard H+/H2 reference electrode to find the end point. The standard electrode potentials are E0Cu+/Cu2+=0.161 V and E0Fe2+/Fe3+=0.767 V. Calculate the actual electrode potential, E, at the following volumes of Cu2+ (i) 15, (ii) 25, and (iii) 26 mL

Choose one of the following spectroscopy fields and use the book/internet, to describe its principle (3-5 sentences) and applications (at least one example). (5 points each aspect, 10 points total) Rotational spectroscopy; Raman; Photoelectron; Fluorescence; Electronic; Vibrational; UV-Vis; or your own choice other than NMR

For a system coupled to a work reservoir and heat bath of temperature T, show that that the work done by the system (on the work reservoirs) is bounded from above by minus the change in Helmholtz free energy. ²

Flash distillation

A still is charged with 1000 moles of a 58.5 mole % methanol(M) and 41.5 mole % 1-propanol mixture. This mixture is distilled until 200 moles remain in the still and the cumulative distillate collected. You may assume that the relative volatility is 3.6 and it remains the same during the distillation process.

a) What are the feed and distillate flow rates during the process?

b) For the flas option, determine the equilibrium distillate and bottoms compositions

c) At what temperature does the flash tank operate?

d) What would you recommend, batch or flash? why?

Why would it be unreasonable to study the enthalpy of formation of Mg0(s) by directly using your Styrofoam calorimeter? Why is Hess's law a good way to study this reaction? Give one other example of a reaction that could not be studied using a Styrofoam container. (Hint: What solvents are used dissolve polystyrene?)

The consecutive liquid phase reactions k1 ,r1 k2 ,r2 k3 ,r3 . Estimate A −−→ B −−→ C −−→ D with first-order kinetics occur in a steady state CSTR. The feed composition for the CSTR is: CA0 > 0, CJ0 = 0, J = B, C, D. (a). Write mass balances for A, B, C, and D. From these, deduce that CJ’s, J = A, B, C, D, are related by a linear equation. Obtain expressions for CJ, J = A, B, C, D, in terms of CSTR space time τ. (b). Deduce qualitatively that CB and CC undergo maxima with respect to τ. Obtain condi- tions/expressions for optimum values of τ where CB and CC attain their individual maxima. (c). For k1 = 3 min−1, k2 = 2 min−1, and k3 = 1 min−1, estimate the optimum τ’s corre- sponding to maximum CB and CC and the corresponding reactor compositions, CJ’s, J = A, B, C, D.

1. The cycle involved in the operation of an internal combustion engine is called the Otto cycle. Air can be considered to be the working gas and assumed perfect. The cycle consists of the following steps.

1. reversible adiabatic compression from A to B
2. reversible constant volume pressure increase from B to C (from the fuel combustion)
3. reversible adiabatic expansion from C to D
4. reversible constant volume pressure decrease from D to A

Determine an expression for the efficiency of this engine assuming that heat is supplied in step ii). Then evaluate the efficiency for a compression ratio of 10:1. Assume that the ratio of the volumes defines the compression ratio and that state A is defined by V = 4.00 L, P = 1.00 atm, and T = 300 K. Further, let V_A = 10·V_B, P_C/P_B = 5, and C_p,m = (7/2)R. Finally, calculate the entropy change for system and surroundings for each step in the cycle.

please solve quickly. Waste heat from a chemical reactor is to run a boiler in a Rankine power cycle. The working fluid in the cycle is water. The boiler generates steam which exits at 300 psia and 1200°F. The condenser in the cycle runs at 3 psia, producing a saturated liquid. The turbine and the pump can be considered adiabatic and reversible. Assume the pump is driven by the turbinea.

a) Calculate the net work produced by the cycle, in Btu/lbm of steam. Wt=-524btu/lbm
b) What is the thermal efficiency of the process?
c) What percent of the heat entering the boiler is discharged from the condenser?

d) Carefully sketch a T-S diagram of this cycle, showing the temperatures of the streams between the processing units, and their locations relative to the phase boundaries. Label all axes.

Saturated steam at 300°C is used to heat a counter-current flowing stream of methanol vapor from 65°C to 240°C in an adiabatic (no heat exchange with surroundings) heat exchanger. The flow rate of methanol is 400 kg/minute, and the steam condenses and leaves the heat exchanger as liquid water at 90°C. Calculate the required rate of heat transfer from the water to the methanol in kW. Then, calculate the required flow rate of entering steam in m3/min.