(a) Starting from entropy as a function of pressure and volume, S(P, V), show that

d S = C V T ( ∂ T ∂ P ) V d P + C P T ( ∂ T ∂ V ) P d V

For a certain gas that follows the following equation of state:

P(V-b) = RT

Where b is a constant

(b) Starting from the above relationship show that P(V-b)^γ=constant for the reversible adiabatic process. Assume constant heat capacity and γ=C_P/C_V as that for the ideal gas.

A refrigerator is running with tetrafluoroethane (R1-34a) as the fluid and working based on the following cycle.

Saturated vapor at -12^oC is entering the compressor and leaving it at 40^oC. The superheated vapor after the compressor then condensed at constant pressure to saturated liquid, which ethers the “Joule-Thompson” throttling valve and back to the initial pressure. Assume your system is operating ideally, with a cooling load of 0.2 kW (200 J/s).

(a) Draw the cycle on the P-H diagram and showing each of the steps.

(b) Develop the energy balance for each step, and calculate heat and mechanical power per kg of fluid for each step.

(c)What is the flow rate of cooling fluid needed?

(d) What is the coefficient of performance (COP) of the refrigerator?

A steam turbine operates adiabatically at a power level of 3500 kW. Steam enters the turbine at 2400 kPa and 500^oC and exhausts from the turbine at 20 kPa as saturated vapor. What is the flow rate of steam run through the turbine, and what is the turbine efficiency? Draw the process on the P-H diagram.

1. Draw a typical Rankine power cycle, i,e. arrangement of different devices and flow direction.

2. What is the physical significance of the second and third viral coefficients

3. Draw pressure-temperature (PT) phase diagram. Clearly label liquid, vapor, solid regions, triple point, critical point, fusion, vaporization, and sublimation curves.

4. Write down two characteristics of the ideal gas

5. Describe what is the standard state of a gas:

6. Intensive and extensive thermodynamic properties

7. Equilibrium

A vacuum purging technique is to be used to reduce the oxygen concentration within a cylindrical process vessel with a diameter of 1.5 m and a height of 2.5 m.

The oxygen concentration is to be reduced to 0.05 % by volume using nitrogen as the inert gas. The temperature is 20°C and the vessel is initially filled with air. A vacuum pump is used to reduce the pressure in the vessel 75 mm Hg absolute and the vacuum is then relieved with pure nitrogen until the pressure returns to 1 atmosphere.

Assume atmospheric air contains 21% by volume oxygen.

Determine: (i) The number of purge cycles required. (8)

(ii) The mass of nitrogen required in kg. (3)

(iii) The ratio of nitrogen required for vacuum purging to the nitrogen required for siphon purging. (3)

Ideal Gas Law Constant R = 8.314 kJ kmol-1 K-1

1 atm ≡ 760 mm Hg ≡ 1.013 bar

Consider a coal-fired steam power plant that produces 175 MW of electric power. The power plant
operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle with turbine inlet conditions of
7 MPa and 550°C and a condenser pressure of 15 kPa. The coal has a
heating value (energy released when the fuel is burned) of 29,300 kJ/kg.
Assuming that 75% of this energy is transferred to the steam in the boiler
and that the pump has an efficiency of 80% and the electric generator has
an efficiency of 85%, determine:
a) the overall plant efficiency (the ratio of net electric power output
to the energy input as fuel)
b) the required rate of coal supply.

75% methane, 20% propane and 5% nitrogen detected in a natural gas. Determine the higher heating value and the lower heating value of this natural gas in kJ/mol.

5. Estimate numerically the change in carbonate-rock porosity caused by a complete dolomitization

of calcite, accounting to the chemical reaction, 2CaCO3+Mg2+ =CaMg(CO3)2+Ca2+, will yield a carbonate rock’s porosity of 13% .

(Dill/Bromberg 31.2) a) Use the Flory-Huggins theory to estimate the number ν(1) of configurations of a folded protein chain confined to be maximal compact, M = N. Simplify the expression using Stirling’s approximation. b) If the number of configurations of an unfolded protein chain is ν1(u) = M(z −1)N−1 (since M >> N), compute the entropy of folding ∆Sf old = kB ln " ν1(c) ν1(u)

Write the volume in m³ will 2.50 kg of nitrogen (N₂) occupy at 450 Kelvin and 10 bar? Use the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation and also specify the value of the constant R

Liquefaction, the process of forming a liquid typically from a gas, can be accomplished by changing temperature and/or pressure. Describe how the variables are changed in most industrial processes, such as forming liquid argon? From an atomic or microscopic point of view, how do the particles or atoms have to arrange for a liquid to form and what holds them together?

Can any one can explain me the chemical engineering behind a Dialysis machine?

Like how it woks, parts ans which chemical is used to filter out the waste products.. (In Brief!!)

Or what is involved in the dialyser?

How is genetic engineering used to increase a plant’s resistance to insects ?