Rayleigh distillation
An aqueous solution of acetic acid is to be enriched by simple (differential) distillation.
The flask is initially charged with 0.025 kmol of solution of composition 0.600 mol
fraction water.
a)
Distillation is continued until the composition of the liquid in the flask has fallen
to 0.300 mol fraction water. Assuming that the vapour is completely condensed
and collected in a cooled receiver, calculate the quantity and composition of the
distillate.
b)
Repeat the calculation for the case in which distillation is stopped when the
composition of the liquid in the still has reached 0.500 mol fraction water.
c)
Explain why separation is so poor, particularly in case (a).
Equilibrium data
x y
0.300 0.420
0.350 0.483
0.400 0.537
0.450 0.592
0.500 0.638
0.550 0.685
0.600 0.728
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4.14 (a) Calculate the diffusion coefficient for oxygen ions in a pure ZrO2 electrolyte at T = 1000∘C given ΔGact = 100 kJ∕mol, ?0 = 1013 Hz. ZrO2 has a cubic unit cell with a lattice constant a = 5 Å and contains four Zr atoms and eight O atoms. Assume that the oxygen–oxygen “jump”distance Δx = 1 2 a. (b) Calculate the intrinsic carrier concentration in the electrolyte givenΔh? = 1 eV. (Assume vacancies are the dominant carrier.) (c) From your answers in (a) and (b), calculate the intrinsic conductivity of this electrolyte at 1000∘C.
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introduction for chemical engineering thermodynamics
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a.What are the available oxidation states for these actinides and which are most prevalent?
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Hypothetical arguments are considered to be inductive arguments.
Inductive arguments never intend logical certainty, only probability.
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Inductive arguments are less reasonable than deductive arguments.
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