Most minerals can be identified without using highly scientific chemical analyses in a lab. Identify four mineral properties that allow geologists to identify minerals without chemically analyzing them in a lab.

then describe briefly how minerals form

Select all of the statements that are true about the mechanical layers of the earth.

Group of answer choices

The layers are defined by their chemical structure.

The earth's core is broken into two components - inner and outer.

The layers are defined by their physical/behavioral properties.

The two crust types - oceanic and continental crust - are mechanical layers.

The core is a single layer.

The asthenosphere is a mechanical layer.

What types of atomic bonding are present in gas hydrates? Explain your answer. (Hint: Think carefully about all types of bonding that may be present. Not just the most obvious.)

**Which of the following physical properties of a mineral depends on the strength of the bonds that hold its atoms and ions together?

a. color

b. luster

c. specific gravity

d. cleavage

**When the chemical bonds in a mineral are equal in all directions, what will the result be?

a. a nonmetallic luster

b. cleavage

c. conchoidal fracture

d. a low density

**What must be true in order for an ore mineral occurrence to be economically valuable?

a. Natural processes must have concentrated the desired element to greater degree than its average crustal abundance.

b. There must be enough of the ore mineral to make extraction profitable.

c. The sale price of the element must be greater than the costs of mining and extraction.

d. All of the possible answers are correct.

**Polymorphs (minerals like diamond and graphite that have the same chemical composition but are nevertheless different minerals) exist because

a. the elements of which they are made contain atoms of different atomic mass.

b. their mineral structures differ based on the different temperature and pressure conditions under which they formed.

c. impurities are present in the crystal structures.

d. their mineral structures differ due to the effects of the organic processes by which they formed.

**What properties are required for a mineral to be used as (a) an abrasive, (b) jewelry, and (c) a source of iron?

1.How are volcanic activity and plate tectonics related?

2.Describe the 5 characteristics (definitional) of minerals and the principal physical properties. What physical properties would you use to identify quartz, feldspar and mica in the field.

3.There are three major types of volcanoes. What are they? What are their characteristics and their dangers?

For the following descriptions, identify a metamorphic rock that would go with them:

a. A magma chamber that intruded where a swamp used to be.

b. A deposit of clay/mud at a convergent plate boundary.

c. A magma chamber that intruded at an old beach (be sure to include a color).

d. A high grade rock found in a mountain range

A) Out of three soil types tested (Sand, Greenhouse Mix, and Field Soil), which would be expected to have the highest and which would have the lowest organic matter content? Why?

B) Knowing what you do about soil physical and chemical properties, which of the three soil types do you think would be the best for plant growth in a natural environment? Why?

C) Why is knowing the organic matter content of the soil important to a researcher in soil science? Why is it important to a manager (e.g. a farmer or silviculturalist)?

Materials in the nano-scale may exhibit remarkable properties. Give three examples. (15 points)

1. IF a collected soil sample was classified as silty clay loamusing the Soil Analysis Chart (Figure 2 in the experiment description document), what properties would you expect in the sample? (You should mention properties such as the color, porosity, and potential nutrient availability of the soil).   

What are minerals, what are their important physical properties, how are they formed (in general) where are they found in nature (in general with any examples that you have researched). Why are they important and how are they used in society with concrete, specific examples of at least 3 minerals and the many ways each mineral is used.

describe three different soil chemical or physical properties that are affected by soil organic matter content. In full detail explain how each soil characteristic is affected.