What are the two main mechanisms for the entry of enveloped viruses into their host cells?

What are the two main mechanisms for the entry of enveloped viruses into their host cells?

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A virus particle lacks cellular machinery necessary for its replication and hence can only replicate inside a living particle by hijacking its cellular machinery. It introduces its viral material into the host cell and forces it to make copies of the virus. A few mechanisms used by viruses to gain entry into the host cell are listed below:

Via membrane fusion: The virus capsid has viral proteins that binds to specific receptors expressed on the surface of host cells. This mediates the attachment of viral particle to the host cell followed by fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane and the contents are released into the cell.
Via Endocytosis: Endocytosis is the natural process through which extracellular substances are engulfed by cells. Viruses binds to specific receptors (Such as CD4 receptor which is bound by HIV) on the host cells and the receptor (alongwith the virus) is internalized and transported to the lysosomes. The acidic contents of the lysosome opens up the viral capsid releasing out its genetic contents. Thus viruses use this natural phenomenon of receptor mediated endocytosis to gain access into the cell.

gladiator answered 1 year ago

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