Question

9. Fill in the chart by answering the questions indicated; more information may be added as it fits the categories

Topic is Unstable angina (UA), non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (NSTEMI) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI) fall under the umbrella term; Acute Coronary Syndrome.

1. Etiology (What are the key risk factors or causes of this illness?)

2. Pathophysiology (Where does this illness occur in the body? What specific impacts do this illness have on the body? How are normal homeostatic mechanisms disturbed by this illness?)

3. Clinical Manifestations (signs and symptoms) (How does the person feel when they have this illness? What do you as a nurse expect to see/assess for in a patient with this illness?How will you continue to monitor the patient?)

4. Diagnostics (What are the most common tests used to diagnose this illness? Which are specific and what do they measure? What do you anticipate the results to be when a person has this illness? Which tests are more general and how do they link to the illness?)

5. Potential Complications (What will happen in the body if this illness continues unchecked? Discuss any compensatory responses to the changes in homeostasis produced by the illness. How will those affect health and well-being?)

6. Treatment (What types of therapies may be used to treat this illness? )

Answer 1

1. Etiology

Modifiable factors

• Hypertension
• Diabetic mellitus
• High lipid cholesterol level
• Obesity
• No physical activity or exercise
• Alcahole and smoking
• Diet

Non modifiable factors

• Gender- most commonly seen in men
• Race
• Family history of heart disease

2.pathophysiology of ACS

Acute coronary syndrome illness caused in the blood vessels of heart followed by obstruction of the coronary arteries which reduces blood flow to the heart, and leads to unstable angina and myocardial infarction . The main impact of this illness in our body is when reduced blood flow to the heart that result cell death results in damaged or destroyed heart tissue. Even when acute coronary syndrome causes no cell death, the reduced blood flow changes how your heart works and is a sign of a high risk of heart attack.

3.signs and symptoms

• Chest pain (angina) or discomfort, often described as aching, pressure, tightness or burning
• Pain spreading from the chest to the shoulders, arms, upper abdomen, back, neck or jaw
• Nausea or vomiting
• Indigestion
• Shortness of breath
• heavy sweating (diaphoresis)
• Lightheadedness, dizziness or fainting
• Unusual fatigue
• Feeling restless

Patients with acute coronary syndrome should be specifically assessed for Pain in the chest and/or other areas, for example the arm, jaw, teeth or back, lasting longer than 15 minutes.Chest pain with shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, sweating or abnormal blood pressure.

Monitor the patient closely for changes in cardiac rate and rhythm, heart sounds, blood pressure, chest pain, respiratory status, urinary output, changes in skin color, and laboratory values.

4.Diagnostic measures

Electrocardiography

Blood test

Angiography

Pathology

CPK-MB test

Cardiac catheterization

Cardiac stress test

Coronary catheterization

Myocardial perfusion imaging

Chest radiograph

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Immunoassay

Positron emission tomography

Cardiac ventriculography

The ECG remains a cornerstone of MI diagnosis. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a timely manner is the primary treatment of patients with acute ST segment elevation MI.