Question

1. List the conditions necessary for valid consent (1 point).

2. Describe the difference between hypovolemicshock and neurogenic shock (1 point).

3. Identify the following with respect to blood pressure (3 points):

a) Equipment necessary

b) Position of patient, cuff, and bell

c) First and second sounds heard.

Answer 1

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Informed consent means the patient should have a basic understanding of what medical procedures as well as the risk , benefits, procedures , about ethics ,etc should be known also it is a patients agreement that is protected health information can be disclosed and it also maintain a record.

Conditions necessary for a valid consent are - 1. The decision to consent must be made voluntarily.2. The patient must have been provided with information regarding their condition , proposed treatment ,risks, and alternative treatment options.3. The consent must relate specifically to the treatment given.4.The person giving the consent must have the capacity to consent .

Qno2. Hypovolemic shock - it is caused by decrease in the intervascular volume , pulse is tachycardia , cool , pale ,moist skin is present .

Neurogenic shock - it is caused by sudden loss of sympathetic nervous system loss,weak thready pulse with bradycardia, warm and dry skin is present.

Qno3. A. Equipment necessary for blood pressure measurements- A.sphygmomanometer- is usually called as blood pressure cuff.a. bladder,b.handbulb , c. Rubber tubes. d. Release valves. e. Gauge - their are two types of gauge , mercury gauge and aneroid gauge.B. stethoscope ,a. Diaphragm, b. Tubing , c. Ear piece.

B. Patient positioning - patient should lie or sit comfortable, the arm should fully supported on a flat surface ,when seated the patient should have his or her back and arm supported and legs should be uncrossed.

Cuff positioning- the correct position shown by artery mark and stethoscope for optimal measurements.

Bell position- use the bell side of a combination stethoscope for clearest detection of the low pitched pulse sounds.

C. First and second sound heard- systolic blood pressure is taken to be pressure at which first pulse sound is first heard and diastolic blood pressure is the pressure at which fourth pulse sound is just barely audible.systolic pressure is the during ventricle contraction I.e after blood ejected from ventricles . Diastolic pressure during ventricle relaxation I.e before blood injected from ventricles.

Thankyou.