Question

Diabetes mellitus type 2 Literature search

1. Find a scholarly journal article relating challenges faced by nurses in complying with Diabetes mellitus type 2. Post a one-page summary of your article in your own words. Please include a reference as to where you find your information in APA reference
2. Read through the article and provide a review while incorporating how of the article supports the Diabetes mellites type 2.

Answer 1

##Nurses' perceptions in caring for persons with diabetes have been little studied. To address this gap in the literature, a sample of nurses from a large Mid-western health care system were surveyed on nurses' perceptions of: (i) problems encountered in the care of patients with diabetes; (ii) problems encountered by patients and/or family member(s) in diabetes management; and (iii) nurses' suggested solutions. A randomly selected list of 200 registered nurses obtained from the health system's Department of Human Resources included inpatient, outpatient, emergency department, medical centre and home health care nurses. The sample was stratified to include 25% inpatient and 75% outpatient nurses. Of the 200 surveys mailed, 136 were returned (68% response rate). Twenty-four per cent of the 136 nurses reported they did not provide care for patients with diabetes. Of 103 nurses providing care to patients with diabetes, 98% were female, 91% were Caucasian, 76% were between the ages of 30 and 49 years, 57% worked in outpatient settings, 35% worked in primary care, and 42% had a bachelor's degree or higher. Of those with practice guidelines, 84% found the practice guidelines helpful. These nurses also perceived that they, as nurses, needed more education to improve their care of diabetes patients; few nurses believed it was within the scope of their practice to change treatment regimens. The perception of most nurse respondents was that acceptance of diabetes, knowledge deficits and non-compliance were primary patient problems in the management of diabetes. Nurses' perceptions of solutions to the problems centred on education of nurses and patients, and reinforcement of the importance of follow-up care.

Type 2 diabetes , formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss.Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal.Often symptoms come on slowly.long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations.The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon.

Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise.some people are more genetically at risk than hers.Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes.In type 1 diabetes there is a lower total level of insulin to control blood glucose, due to an autoimmune induced loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreasDiagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose toerance test, or glycated hemoglobin

Type 2 diabetes is largely preventable by staying a normal weight, exercising regularly, and eating properly.Treatment involves exercise and dietary changes. If blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered, the medication metformin is typically recommended. Many people may eventually also require insulin injections.In those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels is advised; however, this may not be needed in those taking pills.bariatric surgery often improves diabetes in those who are obese.

Rates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with obesity.As of 2015 there were approximately 392 million people diagnosed with the disease compared to around 30 million in 1985.Typically it begins in middle or older age,although rates of type 2 diabetes are increasing in young people.Type 2 diabetes is associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.Diabetes was one of the first diseases described.The importance of insulin in the disease was determined in the 1920s.The classic symptoms of diabetes are frequent urination (polyuria), increased thirst (polydipsia), increased hunger (polyphagia), and weight loss.Other symptoms that are commonly present at diagnosis include a history of blurred vision, itchiness, peripheral neuropathy, recurrent vaginal infections, and fatigue.Other symptoms that may include loss of taste. Many people, however, have no symptoms during the first few years and are diagnosed on routine testing..A small number of people with type 2 diabetes can develop a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (a condition of very high blood sugar associated with a decreased level of consciousnes)

Complications of diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.This is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke; a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations, and increased rates of hospitalizations.In the developed world, and increasingly elsewhere, type 2 diabetes is the largest cause of nontraumatic blindness and kidney failure. It has also been associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia through disease processes such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. complications include acanthosis nigricans, sexual dysfunction, and frequent infections. There is also an association between type 2 diabetes and mild hearing loss.