In: Psychology
Interested in becoming more efficient and effective in learning
and recalling information? Whether you're in elementary school,
graduate school or everyday life, using these mnemonic (pronounced
ni-mahn-ik) strategies—think of them as very effective memory
tips—can make it easier to remember facts, and they can be applied
to almost any subject.
Memory Tip #1- Keyword Mnemonics
Studying a second (or third or fourth) language? Multiple research
studies have demonstrated that using the keyword mnemonic method
improves learning and recall, especially in the area of foreign
language.
Here's how the keyword method works. First, you choose a keyword
that somehow cues you to think of the foreign word. Then, you
imagine that keyword connected with the meaning of the word you're
trying to learn.
For example, if you're trying to learn the Spanish word for cat,
which is gato, first think of a gate and then imagine the cat
sitting on top of the gate. Even though the "a" sound in gato is
short and the "a" sound in gate is long, the beginnings are
similar. Thus, the visualization and association should trigger the
recall of the correct word
Memory Tip #2- Chunking as a Mnemonic Strategy
Chunking information is a mnemonic strategy that works by
organizing information into more easily learned groups, phrases,
words or numbers. For example, memorizing the following number:
47895328463 will likely take a fair amount of effort. However, if
it is chunked like this: 4789 532 8463, it becomes easier to
remember.
Interestingly, chunking is one of several mnemonic strategies that
has been studied in people with mild Alzheimer's disease. Results
form these studies concluded that chunking can be helpful in
improving verbal working memory in the early stages of
dementia.
Memory Tip #3- Musical Mnemonics
One way to successfully encode the information into your brain is
to use music. A well-known example is the "A-B-C" song, but there's
no end to what you can learn when it's set to music. You can learn
the countries of Africa, science cycles, memory verses, math
equations and more.
If you search online, you'll find that there are some songs already
created specifically to help teach certain information, and for
others, you'll have to make up your own. And no, you don't have to
be able to carry a tune or write the music out correctly for this
mnemonic method to work.
Music is also an effective tool for people with mild cognitive
impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Not only can the words of songs
be remembered from their childhood even when other language ability
is almost gone, but they can also learn new information more
effectively if it's taught through music.
Memory Tip #4- Letter and Word Mnemonic Strategies
Acronyms and acrostics are typically the most familiar type of
mnemonic strategies.
Acronyms use a simple formula of a letter to represent each word or
phrase that needs to be remembered.
For example, think of the NBA, which stands for the National
Basketball Association.
Or, if you're trying to memorize four different types of dementia,
you might use this acronym: FLAV, which would represent
frontotemporal, Lewy body, Alzheimer's and vascular. Notice that I
ordered the list in such a way to more easily form a "word," which
you would not do if the list you need to memorize is ordered.
An acrostic uses the same concept as the acronym except that
instead of forming a new "word," it generates a sentence that helps
you remember the information.
An often-used acrostic in math class is: Please Excuse My Dear Aunt
Sally. This acrostic mnemonic represents the order of operations in
algebra and stands for parentheses, exponents, multiplication,
division, addition and subtraction.
Memory Tip #5- Rhymes as Mnemonic Strategies
"Hey diddle diddle. The cat and the fiddle..." Can you finish the
rest of this nursery rhyme?
The ability to memorize and remember nursery rhymes is often due in
part to repetition and in part to rhyming. Rhyming words can be
used as a mnemonic to help us learn and recall information.
Sometimes, you can rearrange words or substitute a different word
with the same meaning to make them rhyme.
Take the familiar spelling rule:"i" before "e," except after "c,"
or in sounding like "ay" as in "neighbor" or "weigh." This phrase
sticks in our memories because we've heard it multiple times but
also because of the rhyming within it.
Memory Tip #6- Making Connections as a Mnemonic Method
One mnemonic strategy that helps encode new information is to
connect it with something else that you already are familiar with
or know. This gives it meaning and makes it easier to remember.
Making connections is a type of elaborative rehearsal and can be
applied to almost any subject or type of information.
For example, imagine that you are just introduced to someone named
Jeffery. Rather than mentally zipping past his name, pay attention
and think about how you can remember it. Perhaps you notice that
Jeffery is very energetic, so you can imagine him jumping around
his work and connect Jeffrey with jumping. The next time you see
him. you'll think, "There's 'Jumping Jeffery' and you can say hello
by name." (Don't forget to leave the word "jumping" off his name
when you greet him.)
Memory Tip #7- Method of Loci Mnemonic Strategy
The method of loci (pronounced low-sigh) is arguably the earliest
identified mnemonic in history. It is first attributed to Simonides
of Ceos, a Greek poet, in 477 BC. It's also one of the most
researched mnemonics, demonstrating strong success across a wide
spectrum of academic subjects and life situations.
How does it work? In the method of loci, the learner visualizes a
room or a familiar path through a building and mentally associates
facts or information with specific locations or objects along the
way. In order to recall what he's learned, he re-visualizes moving
through through that room or along that path and each stop along
the way triggers another piece of information. This method is also
called the journey method, creating a "memory palace" or the mental
walk strategy.
Research ranging from medical students learning about diabetes to
college students remembering grocery lists show significant
improvements when the method of loci is used.
Memory Tip #8- Peg Method Mnemonics
The peg method is an especially useful mnemonic for remembering
sequenced information. If first requires that you memorize the
following list in help you order the facts:
one = bun
two = shoe
three= tree
four = door
five = hive
six = sticks
seven = heaven
eight = gate
nine = vine
ten = hen
After you have memorized this list, look over the new information
that you are trying to learn. Then, connect the first word to
"bun," the second word to "shoe," the third word to "tree," etc.
The goal is to make a memorable connection with each new piece of
information you need to memorize.
For example, let's imagine you need to learn the scientific
classification system - Kingdom; Phylum or Division; Class; Order;
Family; Genus; Species. Using the peg system, you'll first think of
a kingdom placed on a hamburger bun. Then, you'll imagine the
mathematical division sign inside a shoe. Next, you'll picture a
classroom perched on a tree branch. And so on.
This method allows you to be able to recall both the specific piece
of information as well as the correct order in which it needs to be
placed.
Memory Tip #9- The Mnemonic Linking System (Stories or
Images)
The mnemonic linking method (also called "chaining") consists of
developing a story or image that connects together pieces of
information you need to remember. Each item leads you to recall the
next item.
For example, imagine that you need to remember to bring the
following things with you to school in the morning: homework
papers, glasses, gym shoes, wallet, lunch money and keys.
Using the linking system, you can think of the following short
story to help you: Jack's homework papers put on their glasses and
gym shoes and ran over to his wallet where his hungry keys were
eating his lunch money.
If you add interesting details or humor, it often makes the
information easier to remember.
A Word from Verywell
Using mnemonic memory strategies can give you that boost in your
memory that we all need, and it can improve your efficiency in
learning as well. Keep in mind that you may need to practice a few
of these strategies before they come easily, but once you have them
down, they should clearly benefit your learning and recall of
information.