Question

1. How does the electrical current pathway differ between monopolar and bipolar?

2. Why might a patient’s jewelry be hazardous in the OR?

3. What are the safety precautions to be considered with the placement of the patient return electrode?

4. What are the three properties of laser light which are different than normal light?

5. How is distention achieved in minimally invasive procedures and why is it necessary?

6. What types of trocars are used for laparoscopy and what are their advantages?

7. Why are angled rigid endoscope used and in which types of procedures would they be preferred?

8. Which types of human motions or movements are surgical robots able to replicate?

9. What are the reasons for creating hybrid rooms within the operating room suite?

Answer 1

Answer 1 : In the monopolar electro surgery technique the active electrode is in the contact with the patient's tissue and the return electrode (often a pad) is placed elsewhere in the patients body away from the surgery site that completes the circuit and collects the current to keep the patient safe.In the bipolar technique both the active and the return electrode are in contact with the surgery site just like the ends of a forcep and the current passed through the active electrode is collected by the returning electrode.

Answer 2 : The metal jewelery can cause electrosurgical burns of it comes in contact with the current hence it is hazardous in an OR.

Answer 3 : The return electrode should be near the surgery site. The operative pads should be placed in a muscular mass site and not on any bony area so that the heat from the underlying tissues can be avoided. The area should be clean, dry and shaven with no hair and should be highly vascularised.

Answer 4 : The laser light when compared to normal light show three major distinctive properties which are coherence, collimation and monochromaticity.

Answer 5 : Distention in minimally invasive surgeries are achieved by either peritoneal cavity insufflation, mechanical distention or fluid distention. It is necessary to achieve distention in such procedures as the surgical equipments may cause perforation to the organs which may further lead to sepsis, internal hemorrhage and other such complications.

Answer 6: The various trocars used in laproscopic surgeries and their advantages are : 1.Blunt trocars which help to create pneumoperitonuem in patients, these are also called Hasson trocars

2.Radially rotating trocars are used to create entrance to the abdominal cavity.

3. Multiport single site trocars : which are used to facilitate the laproscopic equipments to the surgery site.

Answer 7: Angle rigid endoscopes have a distal slant of 25,30,45 or 70 degrees and allows the visualisation of structures which cannot be viewed through 0 degree straight endoscopes. They are used for procedures involving round structures such as uterus.

Answer 8: Following are the 7 degrees of freedom involved with human wrist movements that surgical robots can replicate : Clockwise, counter, grip, insertion, pitch, roll and yaw.

Answer 9: Hybrid ORs enable the surgeon to perform complex procedures in an efficient manner in optimal conditions with highly efficient integrated surgical, radiological and imaging facilities in a single suit.