Question

What is the socioecological model?

7. What are the different types of studies and their advantages/disadvantages?

8. How is distribution vs. determinants?

9. What is considered vital statistics?

10. What are the behavior change theories?

Answer 1

Socioecological model-The ultimate goal is to stop violence before it begins. Prevention requires understanding the factors that influence violence. CDC (Centre for disease control) uses a four-level social-ecological model to better understand violence and the effect of potential prevention strategies. This model considers the complex interplay between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors. It allows us to understand the range of factors that put people at risk for violence or protect them from experiencing or perpetrating violence. The overlapping rings in the model illustrate how factors at one level influence factors at another level.

Answer.7)Types of studies

Observational Studies-

a.Descriptive studies

b.Analytical studies

1.Cohort study

2.Case control study

3.Cross sectional study

4.Ecological study

Experimental Studies-

a.Randomized controlled trial

b.Field trial

c.Community trial

d.Clinical trial

Cohort Studies-

Advantages-

Provides Incidence, Relative risk

Can study several risk factors together

No recall bias

More accuracy/validity.

Disadvantages-

Ethical problems

Loss to follow up

Time consuming

Expensive

Not suitable to investigate rare diseases

Case Control-

Advantages-

Easy to carry out

Rapid and Inexpensive

No risk to subjects

Minimal ethical problems

No loss to follow up

Disadvantages-

Selection of appropriate control group difficult

Cannot measure indicence

Recall bias.

Cross Sectional-

Advantages-

Provides prevalence of the disease

Gives snapshot of a population

More useful for chronic diseases

Disadvantages-

Tells about distribution of diseases rather than its etiology.

Cannot establish causality.

Provides little information about natural history of disease.

Ecological study-

Advantages-

Data can be used from populations with different characteristics.

Disadvantages-

Socio-economic confounding.

Ecological fallacy.

Answer.8)

1. In the definition of epidemiology, “distribution” refers to descriptive epidemiology, while “determinants” refers to analytic epidemiology. So “distribution” covers time (when), place (where), and person (who), whereas “determinants” covers causes, risk factors, modes of transmission (why and how).
2. In the definition of epidemiology, “determinants” generally includes the causes (including agents), risk factors (including exposure to sources), and modes of transmission, but does not include the resulting public health action.
3. Epidemiology includes assessment of the distribution (including describing demographic characteristics of an affected population), determinants (including a study of possible risk factors), and the application to control health problems (such as closing a restaurant). It does not generally include the actual treatment of individuals, which is the responsibility of health-care providers.

Answer.9)Vital statistics-

a.Birth

b.Death

c.Marriage

d.Divorce

Birth and Death directly contribute to size of population.

Marriage and Divorce create and dissolve the cirumscircums under which birth takes place.

Answer.10)There are the theories which attempt to explain why behaviour change-

Behaviour determined by-

Environmental characteristics

Personal characteristics

Behavioural characteristics

Social learning and social cognitive theory

Theory of reasoned action

Theory of planned behaviour

Transtheoritical or stages of change model

Health action processes approach

Fogg behaviour model