Question

Part 3. The relationship between medical researchers and drug companies are under scrutiny because of a possible conflict of interest. A 1995 study began the controversy that suggested that the use of calcium-channel blockers to treat hypertension led to an increased risk of heart disease. An intense debate led both in technical journals and in the press. A group of researchers is interested in whether researchers that financial ties to the companies had that produce the drug that they were evaluating were more likely to report favorable results than researchers who had no economic ties to the companies. In the sheet entitled “Drug Research,” you will find information on a sample of 70 studies on the health effects of calcium-channel blocking drugs. In the first column, the variable labeled “Relationship with Drug Companies” indicates whether or not the authors of a particular study had financial ties to the company that produced the calcium-channel blocker that they were evaluating. The label in the second column labeled “Results” indicates whether the results of the study were critical of the drug (i.e., suggesting that the drug is ineffective or has serious side effects), neutral, or favorable (i.e., suggesting that the drug has the desired effect without causing serious side effects).

Use the pivot table tool to create a cross-tabulation table that shows the percentage of studies of each relationship type (i.e., the ones with authors with financial ties to the companies and the ones with authors without financial ties) that reported each type of result (critical, neutral, favorable). Copy and paste the table into this document and reformat it professionally. (4 points)

Do these results suggest that the research findings for calcium-channel blockers are affected by whether drug companies fund the researcher? (3 points)

Use the pivot table that you developed for Question 1 to create a clustered bar chart that graphically summarizes the results. Copy the clustered bar chart below. (3 points)

What are the levels of measurement of the “Relationship with Drug Companies” and “Results” variables? (2 points)

Relationship with Drug Companies	Results
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Critical
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Neutral
Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies	Favorable

Answer 1

• Use the pivot table tool to create a cross-tabulation table that shows the percentage of studies of each relationship type (i.e., the ones with authors with financial ties to the companies and the ones with authors without financial ties) that reported each type of result (critical, neutral, favorable).

Paste the table in excel sheet, select the data and then choose insert-->pivot table as below

press ok. go to the Pivot Table field list and drag the Results into "Column Lables" and Relationship with Drug companies into Row labels.

Next choose the summary by draging Results into values

since we want to column percentages, click on the littel arrow on the summary field and select "Value field setting"

select "Count" as the type of summarization , and then select the tab "Show values as"

Select "% of Row Total"

Get the following

Copy paste this table as values and format as you need

• Do these results suggest that the research findings for calcium-channel blockers are affected by whether drug companies fund the researcher?

We can see that 64% of the Authors who  Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies have reported "Critical" results vs only 19% of the Authors who Have Financial Ties to Companies.

Further only 5% of the the Authors who  Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies have reported "Favorable" results vs a high 60% of the Authors who Have Financial Ties to Companies.

It is pretty clear that results by Authors who Have Financial Ties to Companies are favorable.

Hence we can conclude that the research findings for calcium-channel blockers are affected by whether drug companies fund the researcher.

• Use the pivot table that you developed for Question 1 to create a clustered bar chart that graphically summarizes the results.

Select the table that we have copied and choose insert bar (or column) graph as below

get the following raw graph (this is a vertical bar/ use bar graph to get a horizontal bar)

Format as needed

• What are the levels of measurement of the “Relationship with Drug Companies” and “Results” variables?

We can see that “Relationship with Drug Companies” takes 2 values

1. Authors Do Not Have Financial Ties to Companies
2. Authors Have Financial Ties to Companies

Hence this variable has 2 levels (as mentioned above).

The variable Results takes the following 3 values

1. Critical
2. Favorable
3. Neutral

Hence "Results" variable has 3 levels