Derive the expression for the Euler’s formula (the critical load) for pin-ended columns.

Which of the following describes the process by which the surface area of a component is hardened in such a way that leaves the core of that component softer and tougher?

Age hardening

Case hardening

Quenching

Annealing

What are the typical characteristics of those processes most likely to benefit from Model predictive control and What type of inverse of the dynamic matrix β is used for control action computation?

The gases behave as ideal at low pressure, however, at high pressure they deviate from the ideal behavior. Compare the input power required(in kW)for compressing oxygen gas by first assuming ideal behavior then the real behavior. Take inlet state at 10 MPa, 14°C and the final state after compression is 15 MPa, 127°C. You can ignore the effect of gravity and motion of the system.Assume mass flow rate of the gas as 9 kg/min

Planning is underway for a new hydroelectric power plant, and you have been asked to provide an engineering opinion on the best site for the power plant to be located. Two main sites have been identified for the plant. Site 1 is located at the base of a dam wall, with the waterline located 70 m above the turbine. The location has good accessibility for the construction crew, meaning that they are able to bring in a state-of-the-art turbine-generator system. The overall efficiency of the system is 85%, while the efficiency of the turbine alone is 92%. The geology of the area means that a 1.4 m diameter feedpipe can be installed, through which water can be supplied to the turbine at an average velocity of 6 m/s. Site 2 is also located at the base of a dam wall, with the waterline located 100 m above the turbine. Accessibility to this site is not as good as for Site 1, and as such there are restrictions on the type of turbine-generator system that can be installed. While it will be possible to use the same generator as would be used at Site 1, an alternative turbine is required. The identified turbine has an efficiency of 89%. Additionally, because of the more complex geology, a narrower feed pipe can be drilled (diameter = 0.8 m), through which water is supplied at a higher average velocity of 13 m/s. A further consideration is that the cost of distributing power from the two sites is slightly different. Power can be distributed from site 1 at a cost of $0.053/kWh, while the cost of distribution from site 2 is slightly lower at $0.051/kWh. To be competitive in the market, the company intends to retail its hydroelectric power for $0.10/kWh Provide an engineering opinion (of no more than six sentences) as to which site is superior for locating the hydroelectric plant. Your opinion should cover: • Any relevant assumptions you have made • Any thermodynamic considerations (relevant energy balances, etc.) • The power available from each site • The amount of power generated by the proposed plants • The profitability of the proposed plants • Advice as to which site is better for situating the power plant and why

Function  f ( x) = a - x/π for (0, π}, Determinate transformation Fourier

A shrink-fit process has been used to enhance the pressure carrying capacity of a cylinder. During the process, two concentric cylinders are shrunk fitted together to form a composite open-ended cylinder. Before the shrink-fit process, the inner cylinder has an inner radius of 50 mm and outer radius 75.025 mm, while the outer cylinder has an inner radius of 75 mm and outer radius of 150 mm. Both cylinders are made of steel with Young’s modulus E = 200 GPa, Poisson’s ratio  = 0.28, and yield stress Y = 600 MPa. Due to the shrink-fit process, an interface pressure (or shrink-fit pressure), Pc = 16.9 MPa, develops at the interface between the two cylinders.

(a) Determine the magnitude of the stresses at the inner surface of the inner cylinder and at the inner surface of the outer cylinder due to the shrink-fit process.

i need summary between (4-10) pages about (( Pump design selection)) with name of the text book solutions in end page

4. (a) Name industrial processes in which:

1. Diffusion in the solid is essential.

2. Diffusion in the solid must be prevented.

(b) Why are the steel gears case hardened? (5 p).

(c) For a 1020 steel it has been determined that a carburizing treatment of 15 hr duration at 900 ⁰C will raise the carbon concentration to 0.35 wt% at a point 2.0 mm from the surface. Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same carbon concentration at a 6.0 mm position from the surface for the same steel and at the same carburizing temperature.

A piston-cylinder device contains a saturated mixture of steam and water having a total mass of 0.5 kg at a pressure of 160 kPa and an initial volume of 100 liters. Heat is then added and the fluid expands at constant pressure until it reaches a saturated vapor state.

a) Draw a diagram representing the process showing the initial and final states of the system.

b) Sketch this process on a P-v diagram with respect to the saturation lines, critical point, and relevant constant temperature lines, clearly indicating the initial and final states.

c) Determine the initial quality and temperature of the fluid mixture prior to heating. [quality x1 = 0.182, T1 = 113.3°C]

d) Determine the final volume of the steam after heating. [0.546 m3 (546 liters)]

The pressure ratio of a power plant operating according to the ideal brayton cycle is 8. Gas temperature 300K at compressor inlet, at the entrance of the turbine is 1300K. Using air standard acceptance and taking into account the change of specific temperatures with temperature,
a.) Calculate the temperature of the gas at the compressor and turbine outlet.
b.) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
c.) Calculate the backward work rate.

short summary on finding an appropriate compensator by using root locus, and also a step by step general process.

A fuel gas consists of 75% butane (C4H10), 10% propane (C3H8) and 15% butene (C4H8) by volume. It is to be fed to the combustion chamber in 10% excess air at 25ºC, where it is completely burnt to carbon dioxide and water. The flue gases produced are to be used to generate 5 bar steam from water at 90ºC. With the aid of the data at the end of the question, steam tables and the enthalpy table given in the Appendix of lesson HTC - 4 - 2:

(CV) per m3 of the fuel/air mix i have 108.135 MJ/m3

(CV) per kmol of the fuel/air mix i have 2456.51 MJ/Kmol

on a wet basis i have CO2 - 11.07%, N2 - 73.68%, O2 - 1.78%, H2O - 13.48%

on a dry basis. CO2 - 12.79%, N2 - 85.15%, O2 - 2.06%

(f) Determine the ‘furnace efficiency’ if the flue gases leave the boiler at300ºC.

Data: Net calorific value (MJ/m3 ) at 25ºC of:

Butane (C4H10) = 111.7 MJ/m3

Butene (C4H8) = 105.2 MJ/m3

Propane (C3H8) = 85.8 MJ/m3

Air is 21% oxygen, 79% nitrogen by volume and 23.3% oxygen and 76.7% nitrogen by mass.

Atomic mass of C = 12, O = 16, N=14 and H = 1.

Please write as clearly as possible so i can read what is put or typed would be even better. Please go through the answer as thoroughly as you can too. Please only provide and answer for furnace efficiency.

A pump is to lift water from a source 10 ft below pump centerline and to be discharged to a tank 60ft above pump centerline. The installation uses 3”∅ and 2.5 “∅ pipe for suction and discharge, respectively. A pump is to handle 200 gpm of water at 80°F. The loss of head due to friction can be estimated equal to 8.5 ft. Determine: A) TDH B) WHP C)BHP if np = 60% D)time required to fill the cylindrical tank whose H = 15’ and diameter 8’ full of water.