For AISI 1050 Steel at 10 cm in diameter, use case hardening methods to produce a surface hardness of at least 60 HRC. Describe the method that will create a thin, carbon enriched surface layer in order to maintain the ductile properties of the core. Show calculations.

An air–fuel mixture enters a constant area combustion chamber at a velocity of 100 m/s a pressure of 70 kPa and a temperature of 150°C. Assuming that the fuel–air ratio is 0.04, the heating value of the fuel is 30 MJ/kg, and the mixture has the properties of air, calculate the Mach number in the gas flow after combustion is completed and the change of stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure across the combustion chamber. Neglect the effects of viscosity and assume that the properties of the gas in the combustion chamber are the same as those of air.

Air enters a constant diameter pipe at a pressure of 200 kPa. At the exit of the pipe the pressure is 120 kPa, the Mach number is 0.75, and the stagnation temperature is 330°C. Determine the inlet Mach number and the heat transfer per unit mass of air.

The power source in a particular welding setup generates 3119 watts that can be transferred to the work surface with a heat transfer factor of 0.65. The metal to be welded is low carbon steel. The melting factor in the operation is 0.4. A continuous fillet weld is to be made with a cross-sectional areas of 20 mm2. Determine the travel speed in mm/s at which the welding operation can be accomplished. Hint: See Table 28.2 for the melting temperature of low carbon steel.

Air flows through a 0.25-m-diameter duct. At the inlet the velocity is 300 m/s, and the stagnation temperature is 90°C. If the Mach number at the exit is 0.3, determine the direction and the rate of heat transfer. For the same conditions at the inlet, determine the amount of heat that must be transferred to the system if the flow is to be sonic at the exit of the duct.

A journal and bearing are to be designed for a shaft that turns at 250 rpm. Suppose
ISO VG100 (SAE Engine 30) is to be used as lubricant and the bearing length is to be equal to
1.2 times the diameter. If the no-load power loss is not to exceed 2.5 x 10-4 horsepower and the
diametral clearance is 0.0045 times the diameter, estimate the maximum diameter that can be
used for the journal, and the allowable temperature limit.

( Project question ) What do you understand by strain gauge, high light major principle and working differences between resistance transducer and piezoelectric transducer strain gauge. please make the font of writing clear and easy to read.

Please prove that in homogeneous nucleation of solidification the critical radius and activation energy are ?? ? = (? 2?????? ????? ) ( 1 ??? ) and ??? ? = ( 16???? 3???? 2 3????? 2 ) 1 ???2 , respectively, in which ? is the surface free energy, Tm is the melting temperature, ?T is the degree of supercooling (Tm - T), and ?Hf is the latent heat of fusion.

Thermodynamics

1. Correct Answer: 32.29 ± 4%

A 1.4 m3 tank fills through inlet A while supplying water through outlets B and C at the rates given below. Determine how long (minutes) it will take until the tank is full if initially the tank contains 277 kg of water. The flow rates are given in kg/min where "t" is in minutes.

All flows are at 20 C.

Mass flow rate of A = 3.5 + 2.1*t

Mass flow rate of B = 1.5

Mass flow rate of C = 1.2

2.

Correct Answer: -99.69 ± 1%

Air enters a compressor at 152 kPa and 290 K and exits at a temperature of 507.6 K. Determine the power (kW) for the compressor if the inlet volumetric flow rate is 0.244 m3 /s and the heat transfer through the shell of the compressor to the surroundings is 1.35 kW. Use the ideal gas tables (variable specific heats).

3.

(ans:19.6)

A well-insulated, full, water tank containing 198 kg of water initially at 44^oC is being supplied with 15.6^oC water at a rate of 4 kg/min. Water is exiting the tank at the same flow rate so that the mass of water in the tank remains constant. Circulation in the tank keeps the water at a uniform temperature. The specific heat of the water is given as C = 4.2 kJ/kg-K. Determine the time (minutes) at which the water temperature drops to 34.7^oC.

Note: The energy of water in the tank is given as: E = m_cv*C*T

The solution for an equation of the form: a*dT/dt + T +b = 0     is

T(t) = k1*exp(-t/a) + k2

For this problem, the given constraints are:

T(t=0) = T_initial

T(t=infinity) = T_inlet

Hint: Use the given constraints to determine the constants k1 and k2

This is problem 7-6 from El-Wakil’s Powerplant Technology book -- a wet cooling tower receives 1.5x10⁶ lb_m/min of condenser water at 96 degFahrenheit, and 1.25x10⁶ lb_m/min of air at 1 standard atmosphere, 62 degFahrenheit, and 50 percent relative humidity. The air leaves saturated at 82 degFahrenheit. Calculate (a) the exit water temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, and (b) the percent condenser cooling water makeup due to evaporation.

This is problem 7-5 from El-Wakil’s Powerplant Technology book -- an included-draft cooling tower cools 90,000 gallons per minute of water from 84 to 68 degFahrenheit. Air at 29.75 inHg absolute pressure, 70 degFahrenheit dry bulb and 60 degFahrenheit wet bulb, enters the tower and leaves saturated at 80 degFahrenheit. Find (a) the volume flow rate of air, in cubic feet per minute, and (b) the makeup water required, in pound mass per hour.