To obtain monochromatic x-rays from copper one must avoid or eliminate the Kβ to obtain only Kα. One possible method is to use an electron energy above the Kα critical value of ~8.0 keV, but below the Kβ critical value of ~8.9 keV. Instead a potential energy of 40-50 keV is typically used, with a filter to remove the Kβ. Explain why this might be better than the first method.

Uniform internal heat generation at  q˙⁢ = 2.00 × 10⁷ W/m³ is occurring in a cylindrical nuclear reactor fuel rod of 50-mm diameter, and under steady-state conditions the temperature distribution is of the form T(r)=a+br^2, where T is in degrees Celsius and r is in meters, while a= 800 °C and b= -4.167 × 10⁵ °C/m². The fuel rod properties are k= 30 W/m·K, ρ= 1100 kg/m³, and cp= 800 J/kg·K.

Please write legible.

Find the steady state temperature gradient, d⁢T/d⁢r, at the outer surface of the rod, in °C/m.

What is the steady state rate of heat transfer at the outer surface, in W/m?

Immediately after the sudden increase in reactor power level (at t= 0 sec), what is the temperature at the centerline?

Immediately after the sudden increase in reactor power level (at t= 0 sec), what is the time rate of temperature change, d⁢T/d⁢t, at the centerline, in °C/s?

Please describe the value associated with momentum and heat transfer analogies and the role of the Prandtl number

Why it is important to study the cost implications of any energy saving measures in industry? What are the ways and means by which it is carried out?

After full analysis of a solid steel shaft considering deflection, strength and vibrations, we come to know that the shaft design is limited by deflection, which option as a designer would you pursue, provide reasoningfor your choice.

(a)Increase the shaft diameter but make the shaft hollow while keeping the weight constant

(b)Keep the shaft diameter constant and select a shaft with higher strength

(c)Increase the shaft diameter to increase the critical speed and select a steel with higher strength

(d)Increase the shaft diameter and use a cheaper steel

(e)Increase the shaft diameter to increase the critical speed and reduce deflection as well as selecting a steel

with higher strength to improve the strength.

Please show steps

2.54 Using the ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart complete the

following table:

Do some internet or library research on the water towers in Bryan/College Station area to estimate: a) maximum municipal water supply pressure (based on water tower dimensions, not water pressure), b) average number of residents served per water tower, c) if the lowest pressure at the inlet to a home is 30 psig, estimate the friction losses associated with transporting municipal water through underground pipelines in terms of psig lost per mile of transport.

This TED talk was not only interesting and eye-opening but also scary and thought-provoking. I believe that Sam Haris is doing a great job at introducing these kind of talks within our society because many people forget to look at the bad things and negative consequences that could arise from creating a machine or robot that exceeds human intelligence. In many ways, this topic can seem very appealing when you first hear about it. Think about it, we would have the help of machines that are much more intelligent than us and that can work and understand things at a speed that we would be unable to achieve. But this can also cause several problems. For instance, Haris mentions that if these machines were to start working at the same time as a Stanford or MIT group, they would be able to get more than 20,000 years of human level intellectual work. This would not be able to last long as the machines would realize that we cannot keep up and they might decide to "eliminate us", in the same way that Haris says we "annihilate ants when they are in our way". I also like the fact that he shows us how short 50 years is actually because many people use the excuse that it might not affect them because they won't be alive. However, this seems to be a very selfish approach since if it doesn't affect you directly, it will at some point affect your children, or grandchildren.

In topics that create so much controversy I think it is difficult to see what will be the outcome. Nonetheless, I do believe that it is necessary to bring up difficult topics such as these so that we are really aware of what all the outcomes are. For example, I had never even imagined the fact that these machines could be so superior to us that it ends up being a problem and could lead to a war between humans and machines. These thoughts can seem ironical or even surreal but it could happen because as Haris mentions, " we hvae no idea how long it will take us to create the conditions to create these machines safely".

As technology rapidly progresses, the issue with artificial intelligence overwhelms us with many questions. Proponents believe it is the solution to society's most complex challenges but critics argue that it threatens to fundamentally alter the human way of life in such a way that poses an "existential threat" to mankind. In the TED Talk, Sam Harris does bring up the potential danger of AI acting independently of our control and may acquire the ability to refine themselves. To deal with this situation is tricky because there is always the doubts of the unknown and the fear to conquer them. In my personal opinion, there is no definite possibility or impossibility. AI could have the tendency to overpower the human race. For a fact, they are the manifestation of society's intelligence and innovation. In the essence, what is the nature of humanity versus the nature of AI? In many ways, we as humans are superior to artificial machinery. For example, we have the ability to learn from past experiences, adapt to new circumstances and change our own environments based on our accumulated knowledge. AI, on the other hand, is simply a tool of study and design that produces actions to maximize our success. In the essence, AI is being programmed to mimic human behavior while human intelligence is the real creator of artificial intelligence.   

It is true that in some aspects AI can outsmart human intelligence but our fear of the unknown should not be an excuse to prevent the next wave of technological and human progression. In the similar way that we utilize eco-friendly resources for the benefit of the society, we can manage to employ the adequate precautions and regulations necessary to create human- friendly AI that could be developed to serve humans rather than threaten them. In the bottom line, we need to be careful about the decisions we make and prepare for the consequences of our own actions. Always be better safe than sorry.

Superheated steam at 20 MPa, 640°C enters the turbine of a vapor power plant. The pressure at the exit of the turbine is 0.5 bar, and liquid leaves the condenser at 0.4 bar at 75°C. The pressure is increased to 20.1 MPa across the pump. The turbine and pump have isentropic efficiencies of 81 and 85%, respectively. Cooling water enters the condenser at 20°C with a mass flow rate of 70.7 kg/s and exits the condenser at 38°C. For the cycle, determine: (a) the mass flow rate of steam, in kg/s. (b) the percent thermal efficiency.

A ball rolls down from the top of an incline with a height of 5 m high without slipping. The ball has a diameter of 0.2m. What are the ball’s translational speeds a) at the center of the ball, b) at the contact point on the ground, and c) at the top of the ball when it arrives at the bottom? What values of "c" do you expect for hollow/solid balls? Will the hollow ball be faster?

A nuclear power plant based on the Rankine cycle operates with a boiling-water reactor to develop net cycle power of 3 MW. Steam exits the reactor core at 100 bar, 620°C and expands through the turbine to the condenser pressure of 1 bar. Saturated liquid exits the condenser and is pumped to the reactor pressure of 100 bar. Isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and pump are 81% and 78%, respectively. Cooling water enters the condenser at 15°C with a mass flow rate of 114.79 kg/s.


Determine:

(a) the percent thermal efficiency.

(b) the temperature of the cooling water exiting the condenser, in °C.

2.21 Use IHT to perform the following tasks.
(a) Graph the thermal conductivity of pure copper,
2024 aluminum, and AISI 302 stainless steel over
the temperature range 300 T 600 K. Include
all data on a single graph, and comment on the
trends you observe.
(b) Graph the thermal conductivity of helium and air
over the temperature range 300 T 800 K.
Include the data on a single graph, and comment on
the trends you observe.
(c) Graph the kinematic viscosity of engine oil,

ethylene glycol, and liquid water over the tempera-
ture range 300 T 360 K. Include all data on

a single graph, and comment on the trends you
observe.
(d) Graph the thermal conductivity of a water-Al2O3
nanofluid at T 300 K over the volume fraction
range 0 0.08. See Example 2.2.

In matlab.write a program that converts a numerical date given by the user into a month, day, and year. Specifically, the user should input a sequence of eight numbers 05141956.

the program should print out the same date in complete format. In this example it would print "The date is May 14th, 1956". Notice the "th" addition after the day. This changes depending on the number. Make sure this feature is included. MATLAB has built-in date conversion functions. You cannot use them in this exercise.