Question

1. On what basis does Ulric Neisser disavows (i.e., argues against) Brown & Kulik's "now print" theory of flashbulb memory formation? Describe how Neisser's theory accounts for the impressive consistency of the elements of flashbulb memory (2 pages).
   
2. What is the difference between episodic and semantic memories? Summarize the main findings of Marigold Linton’s study reported in the article titled ‘Transformations of Memory in Everyday Life’ and explain how remembering/forgetting is influenced by transformations of episodic and semantic memories (1 page).

Answer 1

1. Lets begin this solution with a small query where had been you whilst trump grow to be the president of America or what are you doing when you heard approximately the attack on the sector change center. When we try to consider approximately these activities we additionally don't forget what are we doing at that very unique moment. These are the recollections of activities which are very arousing or surprising. Such reminiscences are very certain. They are like a picture excited about a advanced version digital camera. You can push the button and after one minute you've got a exercise of the scene. Flashbulb memories are like snap shots frozen in memory and tied to precise places, dates and instances. Brown and kulick (1977) coined the term flashbulb memory to explain those phenomenons. Some have argued that a part of clarification of flashbulb memory involves our physiological response when we hear some information, parts of brain which are concerned in emotional responses activate and the cognitive consequences of this activation results within the garage of amazing deal of records handiest, circuitously related to the main statistics. A final declare made with the aid of Brown and Kulik was that flashbulb reminiscences seem to have so high-quality an effect that the content material that is retained throughout time can be strictly correct,

Neisser supplied a different reason for the starting place of flashbulb reminiscences. People are findng a way to hyperlink themselves to history. Flashbulb recollections come approximately due to robust emotions produced by means of events activate people to retell their personal tales of in which they have been after they heard the information. Flashbulb reminiscences then leads from endeavor of such tales. Memories after long time period turn out to be distorted.

N 1986, Neisser and his collaborator Nicole Harsch requested a set of undergraduates to don't forget how they cultured of the Challenger space go back and forth tragedy the morning after it came about. As in this example additionally comparable to to prior ones, they observed that the majority of the students had targeted reminiscences of “exactly” where they were and what they had been doing once they observed out approximately the explosion. Neisser and Harsch did experimented that different researchers hadn’t accomplished before. They request participants to remember the identical episode a few years later. They located that although everyone still had vibrant and entire reminiscences, a number of the reminiscences had changed quite amazingly. 25 percent of members reported different memories altogether, such as first describing having found out from a fellow student in magnificence, and years later saying they noticed it on a TV information bulletin with their roommate.

This meant that the vividness and self belief that individuals had proven were not related to the actual accuracy in their reminiscences.

And the errors that flashbulb memories develops are not unintended. Our emotions and experience of belonging to a collection create them for us. For instance Neisser turned into whilst became being attentive to a soccer recreation at the radio whilst he heard about Pearl Harbor. He argued that the switch from soccer to baseball served to emphasize his non-public connection to the “countrywide pastime” at a time while that nation, to which he changed into an immigrant, have been attacked.

Neisser determined that, indeed, there have been a few great lapses inside the reminiscences of the students no matter the scholar's self belief in the accuracy of their recollections. Neisser's findings challenged the theory that flashbulb recollections are clearly without error. Neisser persisted to conduct research on flashbulb recollections so as to re-outline how we construct the idea of reminiscence.

Neisser continued his studies on the development of reminiscence by using studying individuals' memories of the 1989 California earthquake. In this look at, Neisser tested the difference in memory between people that enjoy the event, instead of people who heard approximately the event. Neisser tested subjects in Atlanta and the University of California campuses in Berkeley and Santa Cruz. Neisser issued surveys you obtain the emotional impact of the earthquake on the individual in addition to bills of the man or woman's recollections of the earthquake to higher discover the association between reminiscence and emotion. In the spring of 1991, Neisser contacted participants to compare their modern bills of the earthquake with their previous bills of the earthquake. Neisser observed that, in assessment to individuals in Atlanta, the California college students usually had higher and greater accurate memories of the earthquake.

2. The word episodic reminiscence belongs to the memory of experiences and precise events in time in a serial shape. In episodic memory, our brain reconstructs the occasions that occurred at any given factor in our lifestyles. The episodic memory is a part of everlasting reminiscence wherein we enjoy a specific event which had came about in a particular manner and correlates with our feelings.

The semantic reminiscence is a more dependent record of information, meanings, understanding, and information about the external international that we have obtained. The semantic memory refers to the overall real knowledge, shared with others and impartial of personal reports. In a popular way, the semantic memory belongs to verbal reminiscence signs even as episodic memory belongs to visual reminiscence signs and symptoms saved in our mind.

Both episodic and semantic memory requires a similar encoding manner, semantic reminiscence mainly turns on the frontal and temporal cortex at the same time as episodic memory is concentrated within the hippocampus.

The semantic memory is generally derived from the episodic memory in that we learn new ideas or data from our reviews.

Memory transformation is a process like the transfer of mastering wherein we use our reminiscence signs and symptoms to correlates with new things and statistics to be remembered.