Question

Q. 1. Explain the Occupational Low back pain with account of Contributor factors, Clinical assessment, Investigations, Clinical and Occupational Management and Prevention.

Q. 2. Give an account on Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) with full details of Synonyms, Clinical features, Relevant exposure, Other contributed factors, Extent of other problems, Treatment and Prevention.

PLEASE answer all question WITHOUT copy past i need unique answer,,

Answer 1

Occupational Low back pain:

Contributing factors:

Physical factors:

• Maintaining the same posture for long periods
• Certain movements such as bending, twisting, and lifting
• Lifting heavy objects
• Vibration of the whole body, eg from driving heavy machinery
• Obesity
• Due to other problems like obesity, lack of exercises and bad posture.

Psychological factors: depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder

Social factors: job dissatisfaction, substance abuse, family dynamics, financial issues

Clinical assessment:

Observation: groaning, position changes, grimacing, atrophy, swelling, asymmetry, colour changes.

Palpation: area of pain will have increased temperature

Disturbed range of motion

Medical treatment:

• Antidepressants
• Anticonvulsants
• Muscle relaxants
• Opioid analgesics
• Corticosteroids
• Nsaids
• Topical analgesics

Physiotherapy:

Exercise- strengthening and stretching of back

Thermotherapy- heat application, infra-red therapy, hot packs, diathermy.

Electrotherapy: transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation

Back exercises: ankle pump, heel slides, abdominal contraction, wall squats, heel raises, straight leg raises, knee to chest stretch, hamstring stretch and exercises with swiss ball.

Prevention:

Lifting:

• Squat directly in front of any object to be lifted.
• Keep the object close to the body while lifting
• Never lift anything that is unable to be lifted alone

Standing:

• Standing for a long periods of time can put a lot of stress on the back
• Occasionally shift the weight of the body from one side to another

Sitting:

• Sit on firm seats with the back straight and knees bent
• Rest feet flat on the floor
• Sleeping:
• Sleep on firm mattress
• Sleep on side with knees and hips bent and a pillow should be placed under the head and knees.

Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)

Synonyms:

• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Bursitis
• Rotator cuff tendonitis
• Tennis elbow

Clinical features:

• Pain
• Tightness
• Dull ache
• Throbbing
• Numbness
• Tingling

Contributing factors:

• Frequent and repetitive movements
• Poor posture whilst doing the movement
• Using excessive force whilst doing the movement
• Not having enough breaks from the task
• Lifting heavy objects

Treatment:

• RICE, which stands for rest, ice, compression, and elevation
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), both oral and topical
• Steroid injections
• Exercises, which may be prescribed as part of a physical therapy treatment plan
• Stress reduction and relaxation training
• Wrapping the area or securing it with a splint to protect and rest the muscles and tendons

Prevention:

• Adjust your work station to promote good posture and comfort.
• Sit in a chair that gives you support for your lower back and keep your feet flat on the floor or on a foot rest. Your thighs should be parallel to the ground, and your hands, wrists, and forearms should be aligned. Your elbows should be in line with your keyboard to avoid strain.
• Avoid sitting cross-legged.
• If possible, spend some of your computer time at a standing desk. Slowly increase the amount of time you stand, aiming for 20–30 minutes each hour or more.
• Place your computer monitor about an arm’s length away from you. The screen should be at eye level so you’re looking straight ahead.
• If you’re on the phone a lot, use a headset to avoid straining your neck, shoulders, and arms.
• Taking frequent breaks from your desk throughout the day is as important as having an ergonomic workstation.
• Get up to stretch or walk aroun
• Do shoulder stretches at your desk
• March in place
• Wiggle your fingers and flex your wrists