Question

Describe and critique graphs and numerical summaries of data.

2. Select the appropriate measures to use for a particular data set.

3. Understand basic measures of central tendency and variability.

.

What are some good ways to describe a set of scores in a distribution?

What do measures of central tendency and measures of variability tell you about your distribution? 

What are some characteristics of good research and what is one problem that may exist in reporting research?

 

Answer 1

1]GRAPHS-----------

"GRAPHS ARE COLLECTION OF POINTS CALLED AS VERTICES AND LINE SEGMENT CONNECTING EACH OTHER CALLED AS EDGES."

On describing about the graphs it basically helps us visualising our data,it also conveys about the relationship between our variables

There are 4 types of graphs

------ Bar Graphs

------ Histogram Graphs

------- Pie charts

------- Cartesian Graphs

and you can see or read about them through internet

NUMERICAL SUMMARIES OF DATA-----

Data are basically information which can be numeric and non-numeric

by numeric i mean to say data that involve nos. and by non-numeric i mean to say a png,mp4 file etc...(both are data's)

In numeric data we use several parameters for finding information about the data

**MEAN ------ It is called as the average of set of data

formula = x1+x2+....+xn/n (where x1,x2,x3...xn are numeric values upto n nos. and n is the no of observations)

**MEDIAN---- It is the middle point of the data

**MODE --- It is the maximum no of times a observation is appearing (ex- 1,2,2,2,4,5,6,7 [so the mode is 2 as it appears 3 times ])

**QUARTILES ----- The first quartile of a group of values is the value such the 25% of the values fall at or below this value,The third quartile of a group of values is the value such that 75% of the values fall at or below this value.

The distance between the first and third quartiles is known as the Inter-Quartile Range (IQR).

**VARIANCE ----- The variance of a group of values measures the spread of the distribution.

formula= 1/n-1 *((xi-m)^2) [where i ranges from 1...... n and m is the mean of the data,n is the no of observations]

**STANDARD DEVIATION ---- Its is the square root of variance

2] They are numerical summaries to describe youor data best as stated above

3] The measures of central tendency says about a value that how it is clustered around a specific value

and they are mean,median and mode

**MEDIAN ------for odd no of terms (Ex--- 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 here the median is the middle no that is 4)

----for even no of terms (Ex--- 1,2,3,4,5,6 here it is the middle value is between 3 and 4 so it is (3+4)/2 =3.5)

GOOD WAYS TO DESCRIBE ARE---------

*The measures of central tendency and the interquartile range*

and the effective distribution is a (NORMAL DISTRIBUTION)

The normal distribution is a bell shape structure and it gives several level of spread at around different levels of i.e--

KEY POINTS (1) 68% of the scores fall within one standard deviation above the mean.

(2 )95% fall with 2 s.d.’s above

(3) 99.9% fall within 3 s.d.’s

and it says that how oour data is clustered or accumulated around the mean

****Measures of central tendency can be used to represent the whole data set whereas measures of variation (or spread) may be used to describe the distribution of the data set

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH----

1. Empirical -It is based on observations and experimentation on theories.
2. Systematic - It follows orderly and sequential procedure.
3. Controlled -In this all variables except those that are tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
4. Employs hypothesis - This guides the investigation process
5. Analytical - It involves critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error in their interpretation
6. Objective, Unbiased, & Logical - Here all findings are logically based on empirical
7. Employs quantitative or statistical methods - The data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically.

THE ONE PROBLEM THAT ARISES IN RESEARCH IS--------

So What!

In the social sciences, the research problem establishes the means by which you must answer the "So What?" question. This question refers to a research problem surviving the relevancy test,Note that answering the "So What?" question requires a commitment on your part to not only show that you have reviewed the literature, but that you have thoroughly considered the significance of the research problem and its implications applied to creating new knowledge and understanding.