Question

Match the terms with the following descriptions:
population sample population size sample size population mean sample mean variance standard deviation alpha null hypothesis alternative hypothesis degrees of freedom hypothesized mean p-value t-statistic

The set of data for ALL individuals or items of interest., e.g. everyone in the world, the entire of Texas, all of our customers, etc. __________
Data you take randomly from the population because it’s too costly or not feasible to measure the entire population. A subset of the population. __________
The count of ALL the objects, people, or things in the entire population.__________
The total number or count of ALL individuals or items of interest in the dataset in a subset of the population.__________
The true average of the entire population, which is rarely known. However, the sample mean can be used as a close substitute for that of the entire population’s. The symbol for this term is useful when writing the null and alternative hypotheses to remind us why we use statistics: to infer about the population from random samples. __________
The average of all values in a subset of the population. It is calculated by taking the sum of all values in a sample and dividing by the sample size and can be used as an estimate of the population mean.__________
A measure of dispersion around the mean equal to the positive square root of the variance. It tells us how large a difference from the mean can be expected in the data. A low number indicates that most of the data are near the mean. A high number means that the data is spread out.__________
A measure of dispersion around the mean. It is the average of the squared distances between an observation and the mean. A high number indicates the data is spread out across a wide range of values. A Low number indicates the data is bunched around the mean value. __________
The level of significance needed to reject the null hypothesis. It is the maximum allowable probability of false negative, where the null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true. This value is set by the investigator of the hypotheses. For example, if you want to be 95% confident in your statistical conclusions, you have a level of significance of 5%. __________
A speculated value for the population average used in the null hypothesis. In a one-sample t-test this is the benchmark value that the sample mean is compared against. __________
The default hypothesis to be tested. This hypothesis is rejected when the p-value is below the desired level of significance. __________
If the null hypothesis is rejected, this other hypothesis is confirmed. For example, in the legal principle “innocent until proven guilty”, innocent is the null hypothesis and guilty is this other hypothesis. __________
The observed level of significance for a test statistic. Assuming the null hypothesis is true, it is the probability of observing a test statistic equal to or larger than the one obtained from the sample. This value is what is returned by the T.DIST.2T or T.TEST function in Excel. __________
The number of observations minus the number of statistics needed to estimate a population parameter. For example, the sample variance is an estimate of the population variance and requires one statistic, the sample mean, to be calculated. This number is used in calculating the t-statistic and thereby the p-value. __________
A standardized measure of the distance between two means. It is the ratio of the difference between two means and their standard error. It is an input for the calculation of the p-value, which determines significance.__________

Answer 1

The set of data for ALL individuals or items of interest., e.g. everyone in the world, the entire of Texas, all of our customers, etc. : population.

Data you take randomly from the population because it’s too costly or not feasible to measure the entire population. A subset of the population sample.

The count of ALL the objects, people, or things in the entire population. population size.
The total number or count of ALL individuals or items of interest in the dataset in a subset of the population.sample size.

The true average of the entire population, which is rarely known. However, the sample mean can be used as a close substitute for that of the entire population’s. The symbol for this term is useful when writing the null and alternative hypotheses to remind us why we use statistics: to infer about the population from random samples. Population mean.
The average of all values in a subset of the population. It is calculated by taking the sum of all values in a sample and dividing by the sample size and can be used as an estimate of the population mean.Sample mean.

A measure of dispersion around the mean equal to the positive square root of the variance. It tells us how large a difference from the mean can be expected in the data. A low number indicates that most of the data are near the mean. A high number means that the data is spread out.Standard deviation.
A measure of dispersion around the mean. It is the average of the squared distances between an observation and the mean. A high number indicates the data is spread out across a wide range of values. A Low number indicates the data is bunched around the mean value. Variance.

The level of significance needed to reject the null hypothesis. It is the maximum allowable probability of false negative, where the null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true. This value is set by the investigator of the hypotheses. For example, if you want to be 95% confident in your statistical conclusions, you have a level of significance of 5%. alpha
A speculated value for the population average used in the null hypothesis. In a one-sample t-test this is the benchmark value that the sample mean is compared against. hypothesized mean
The default hypothesis to be tested. This hypothesis is rejected when the p-value is below the desired level of significance. Null hypothesis.
If the null hypothesis is rejected, this other hypothesis is confirmed. For example, in the legal principle “innocent until proven guilty”, innocent is the null hypothesis and guilty is this other hypothesis.   Alternative hypothesis.

The observed level of significance for a test statistic. Assuming the null hypothesis is true, it is the probability of observing a test statistic equal to or larger than the one obtained from the sample. This value is what is returned by the T.DIST.2T or T.TEST function in Excel. p-value.
The number of observations minus the number of statistics needed to estimate a population parameter. For example, the sample variance is an estimate of the population variance and requires one statistic, the sample mean, to be calculated. This number is used in calculating the t-statistic and thereby the p-value.degrees of freedom.
A standardized measure of the distance between two means. It is the ratio of the difference between two means and their standard error. It is an input for the calculation of the p-value, which determines significance.t statistic.