Question

Describe the four sources of error in measurement, including the possible causes of errors, and provide an example for each.

Answer 1

Answer.

A measurement under ideal conditions has no errors. Real measurement results, however, will always contain measurement errors of varying magnitudes.

Systematic error or bias is a permanent deflection in the same direction from the true value. It can be corrected. by monitoring measurements against a check standard over time.
Random error is a short-term scattering of values around a mean value. It cannot be corrected on an individual measurement basis.

However These can be adjusted out or compensated for by knowing the source of the specific error. The main sources of error in measurement are:

1 Lack of gauge resolution/ discrimination : it is the ability of the measurement system to detect and consistently indicate small enough changes in the characteristic of the measurement result.

2. A test of linearity which starts by establishing a plot of the measured values versus corresponding values of the reference point gives an indication of whether or not the points fall on a straight line with slope equal to 1, which indicates linearity or proportional variation in the distribution of scores.

3. Hysteresis is a diminishing of the effect when the forces acting upon a body are changed. for example, a lagging in the values of a magnetic material such as as iron because of a changing magnetizing force represents the dependence of a physical system under real environmental conditions .

4.Drift is a slow change in the response of a gauge which can lead to false readings in a set of data. For instance, Short-term drift is frequently caused by heat buildup in the instrument during the time of measurement. Long-term