Question

Write a 6 pages report explaining Micro controllers based on the following classifications:

1) Bits - 4, 8 , 16, 32 .

2) Memory / device - Embedded , external.

3) Instruction set - CISC, RISC

4) Memory Architecture - Princeton, Harvard

5) Family - 8051, Motorola, PIC , Texas, National , ARM, Intel , Phillips, Siemens,.

From the 6 pages report, draft out a 3 page Powerpoint presentation explaining your report.

Answer 1

Solutions :

1.

• 4 bit Microcontrollers : These microcontrollers that have 4 bit processors that is these processors that withheld 4 bit data,integers or address (memory).

These type of processors were developed in around 1970s most of it had Harvard architecture. Assembly language is used for programming these processors.

In 1980's these 4 bit microprocessors are used in microcontrollers for electronic games and for making pocket calculators.

These 4 bit CPUs are commonly used for microcontrollers for reducing the cost by using it to application that require less power.

• 8 bit Microcontrollers : These type of microcontrollers uses 8 bit word size. The instructions(assembly), registers are of 8 bit and so is accessible memory.

These 8 bit microcontrollers can/may have 16 bit address bus.

8 bit microcontrollers are used mostly in toys, appliances, remote controlled projects and many embedded system applications.

• 16 bit Microcontrollers : These type of microcontrollers uses word size of 16 bit.

For single instructions, these microcontrollers use 16 bits pipe or data bus. Every cycle ranges from 0 to 65,535 bits.

In this case also the size of the registers, memory,instruction set are 16 bits each.

• 32 bit Microcontrollers : These type of microcontrollers use 32 bit word size.

These microcontrollers use RISC designs nowadays mostly MIPS or ARM.

These microcontrollers have 32 bit data and 32 bit registers and 32 bit memory addressing.

For single instructions, these microcontrollers use 32 bits pipe or data bus. Every cycle ranges from 0 to 4294967299 bits(approx).

2.

• Embedded memory design : These type of design is used in a microcontroller with a embedded system of memory, peripherals and a processor. This type of embedded designed microcontrollers can have minimal system requirements. It doesn't have the software complexity. The microcontrollers used mostly nowadays are mostly embedded in machineries like telephones, appliances etc. They are also used for I/O devices or sensors like LCD displays, switches or temperature sensors, speed control sensors. This design have all the functional blocks .
• External memory design : These types are basically those when some of the functional blocks are not present in the embedded system of a microcontroller. this type of microcontrollers are not widely used as many external memory microcontrollers doesn't have program memory.

3.

CISC :

It stands for Complex Instruction set computer. The instructions are complex as the name suggests.

It only uses single instruction. This types are capable of doing multiple operations or memory addressing with execution of single instructions.

RISC :

It stands for Reduced Instruction st computer.

This uses fewer cycles than CISC. The instructions are simple.

They use less transistors than CISC.

They have a uniform instruction set. Another feature includes simple addressing modes.

• Harvard architecture : The microcontrollers take the advantage of Harvard architecture to speed up their process by accession of data and the instructions.

This types specifically have different paths for the memory and pathways of instructions and data.

And the pathways differ you can say that the microcontroller is having the Harvard architecture.

• Princeton architecture : These types have common paths or address for the program and the data and shares the same memory.

When the microcontroller is having the common paths for instructions and data then the microcontroller is having the Princeton Architecture.

4.

8051:

A typical 8051 contains

• An 8 bit CPU
• 5 interrupts
• two 16 bit timers/counters
• 32 I/O lines.
• 4 kb of on chip ROM.
• 128 bytes of on chip RAM.
• It have four register banks.
• It have full depth stack for subroutine return linkage and data storage.
• Signed overflow detection and parity computation.
• Integrated boolean processors.
• Upwardly compatible with existing 8048 software.
• two level prioritized interrupt structure.

Motorola :

The motorola 68HC11 is an 8 bit microcontroller.

It was first introduced by MOTOROLA in the year 1984.

These are powerful and expensive microcontrollers.

Typically it is

• Upward compatible with 6800
• two 8 bit accumulators.
• it has 2(two) 16bit index registers.
• it has a 16 bit stack pointer.
• it has a program counter.

PIC:

It was first developed by Microchip Technology. It stands for peripheral interface controller.

It have registers and stack.

The key features are :

• wide availability of PICmicros
• low cost
• much tools for development.
• reprogramming can be done by EEPROM.

Texas :

The model name is MSP430 developed by texas instruments.

It is typically :

• 16 bit microcontroller.
• 16 bit registers.
• a program counter
• a stack pointer
• a status register.
• 64k memory.

ARM:

The ARM-cortex microcontrollers are widely used for the features it have.

The ARM stands for Advanced RISC machine microcontroller.

typically it :

• has 32 bit RISC microcontroller.
• Introduced by Acron computers in 1987.
• 16/32 bit instructions.
• high performance
• controls software
• 3-stage pipelining.
• Assembly programming not needed.
• upto 37 register sets.

Intel : The Intel Quark D2000 microcontroller is the first x86 based Intel MCU.

It has following features :

• 32kb flash memory
• 8kb SRAM.
• 32MHz processor.

Phillips :  

There are many series of microcontrollers by Philips. One of it is P89V51RD2.

It is basically a 80C51 microcontroller with :

• 64kb flash.
• 1kb of RAM.
• It has three 16-bit timers/counters.
• It has 12/6 clock mode.
• It has SPI and UART.
• It has TTL and CMOS logics.
• Operates at 5V.

Siemens:

It have 16 bit C161 microcontrollers introduced in 1997.

It has features like :

• Address range of 4 Mbytes.
• 16 bit timers
• 16 bit interrupts.
• Execution time of 16MHZ
• 1kb RAM on chip.
• 6 external interrupts.
• a internal timer.

Thank YOu!