Question

Research assignment for Health Information Technology.

Paper describing the content of SNOMED CT, it's purpose, how it was evolved, provide any history, an example of a code in SNOMED CT.

1-2 pages double spaced.
1 inch margins
Copy of citations articles or functional URLs. 2-3 citations from .org websites. ex. ahima.org, nln.nih.gov...

Answer 1

Answer:-

SNOMED CT (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine -- Clinical Terms) is a standardized, multilingual vocabulary of clinical terminology that is used by physicians and other health care providers for the electronic exchange of clinical health information.

According to the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (IHTSDO), which distributes the standard, SNOMED CT currently contains more than 300,000 medical concepts, divided into hierarchies as diverse as body structure, clinical findings, geographic location and pharmaceutical/biological product. Each concept is represented by an individual number and several concepts can be used simultaneously to describe a complex condition.

By using numbers to represent medical concepts, SNOMED CT provides a standard by which medical conditions and symptoms can be referred, eliminating the confusion that may result from the use of regional or colloquial terms. The numerical reference system also facilitates the exchange of clinical information among disparate health care providers and electronic medical records (EMR) systems.

SNOMED CT was initially developed by the College of American Pathologists and England’s National Health Service. Since April 2007 it has been the purview of the IHTSDO, based in Denmark. The National Library of Medicine (NLM) is America’s member of the IHTSDO. The NLM distributes SNOMED CT in the US at no charge

This is nursing diagnosis ontology of Clinical Care Classification

Cardiac-centered Frailty Ontology

This ontology is designed to cover the portions of reality relevant to assessing patient frailty. While we believe it to be relevant to frailty in general, during its development we were specifically focused on decisions relating to cardiac care. We gathered terms using existent instruments, physician interviews, and automated chart reviews. The hierarchical structure was taken from SNOMED-CT. We could not simply use SNOMED-CT because it is too exhaustive to be useful. We add entities where necessary to remain true to our data.

Drug-Induce Liver Injury (combined)

A SNOMED subset of terms related to histological and clinical descriptions of Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI). See Wang et al., "A Unifying Ontology to Integrate Histological and Clinical Observations for Drug-Induce Liver Injury" The American Journal of Pathology, 182:4,1180-1187 (2013). This view contains both of the DILIo major branches; SNOMED:Body Structure and SNOMED:Clinical finding Some of the class names have been changed to correspond to the preferred names in SNOMED of 7/31/2011. In DILIo publication -> in this file; Disorder of liver -> Disease of liver; Finding of general form of body -> General form of body - finding; Finding of size of liver -> size of liver - finding; Subacute necrosis of liver -> subacute hepatic necrosis

SNOMED CT Standard Ontology Based on the Ontology for General Medical Science

The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Term Ontology (SCTO) attempts to create a basic OWL 2 ontology for SNOMED CT terminology. The ontology is built based on the Ontology of General Medical Science (OGMS). This ontology implements the SNOMED CT concept model by adding the appropriate axioms to its top-level concepts. The resulting ontology can prevent redundancies and inconsistencies in this large terminology. Moreover, the terminology maintenance can become more accurate. Finally, SNOMED CT can be used in a healthcare environment to create more complex post-coordinated expressions and constraints in a more accurate manner.

SNOMED Terminos Clinicos

SNOMED Terminos Clinicos (SNOMED CT), Edicion en Espanol, Distribucion Internacional, Octubre de 2008, 2009_04_30

Neoplasm_hamartoma

subset of snomed-ct regarding neoplasm and hamartoma

Neoplasm_breast_cancer

This a subset of Neoplasm_hamartoma view, based on Snomed clinical practice's used terms (Fondazione S.Maugeri anatomic pathology dep.). This subset is not to be meant exhaustive, it has been created in order to built a proper ontology for our project, ONCO-i2b2, through the NCBO Ontology Tools.

Snomed neoplasm, breast cancer

This a subset of snomed-ct regarding neoplasm and hamartoma, based on Snomed clinical practice's used terms (Fondazione S.Maugeri anatomic pathology dep.). This subset is not to be meant exhaustive, it has been created in order to built a proper ontology for our project, ONCO-i2b2, through the NCBO Ontology Tools.

Snomed, Body Structure

The Body Structure subtree in SNOMED-CT. It has been created in order to built a proper ontology for our project, ONCO-i2b2, through the NCBO Ontology Tools.

SNOMED Ethnic Group

Ethnic Group From SNOMED CT

SNOMED Anatomy

The Anatomy class subtree in SNOMED-CT based on SNOMED CT 2009.07.31

SNOMED Clinical Finding

Extract from SNOMED

SNOMED Organism

The Organism subtree in SNOMED-CT based on SNOMED-CT v. 2009.01.31

SNOMED Test Findings

The Test Findings subtree in SNOMED-CT based on SNOMED-CT v. 2009.01.31

SNOMED Morphologically Abnormal Structure

The Morphologically Abnormal Structure subtree of SNOMED CT

SNOMED CT SPA

SNOMED CT SPANISH

Metrics

Classes	356,312
Individuals	0
Properties	218
Maximum depth	27
Maximum number of children	2,664
Average number of children	4
Classes with a single child	40,906
Classes with more than 25 children	2,860
Classes with no definition	351,

SNOMED CT (Systematic Nomenclature of Medicine - Clinical Terminology) is a standardized ontology of terms used in medicine. It was originally develop by the American College of Pathology in the United States. It is now maintained and licensed by the IHTSDO, The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation. As one of the standardized ontologies recognized by the US government for electronic medical records, SNOMED is used to capture terms in structured data such that the meaning of the term is consistent. This also allows for machine processing and understanding of the structured data without the need for natural language processing (NLP). The US National Library of Medicine (part of the US National Institutes of Health) maintains the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) which includes SNOMED, the terms can be linked to many other lexicon and ontologies such that meaning can cross user communities. The same is true for the ontologies in the National Center for Biological Ontologies that also includes SNOMED. All of these ontologies and lexicons are available, at little or no cost, for research and academic purposes. Commercial licensing is available.