Question

TufStuff, Inc., sells a wide range of drums, bins, boxes, and other containers that are used in the chemical industry. One of the company’s products is a heavy-duty corrosion-resistant metal drum, called the WVD drum, used to store toxic wastes. Production is constrained by the capacity of an automated welding machine that is used to make precision welds. A total of 2,100 hours of welding time is available annually on the machine. Because each drum requires 0.8 hours of welding machine time, annual production is limited to 2,625 drums. At present, the welding machine is used exclusively to make the WVD drums. The accounting department has provided the following financial data concerning the WVD drums:

WVD Drums
Selling price per drum		$	168.00
Cost per drum:
Direct materials	$45.20
Direct labor ($18 per hour)	4.50
Manufacturing overhead	3.85
Selling and administrative expense	16.10		69.65
Margin per drum		$	98.35

Management believes 3,125 WVD drums could be sold each year if the company had sufficient manufacturing capacity. As an alternative to adding another welding machine, management has considered buying additional drums from an outside supplier. Harcor Industries, Inc., a supplier of quality products, would be able to provide up to 1,900 WVD-type drums per year at a price of $130 per drum, which TufStuff would resell to its customers at its normal selling price after appropriate relabeling.

Megan Flores, TufStuff’s production manager, has suggested that the company could make better use of the welding machine by manufacturing bike frames, which would require only 0.2 hours of welding machine time per frame and yet sell for far more than the drums. Megan believes that TufStuff could sell up to 3,600 bike frames per year to bike manufacturers at a price of $72 each. The accounting department has provided the following data concerning the proposed new product:

Bike Frames
Selling price per frame		$	72.00
Cost per frame:
Direct materials	$18.20
Direct labor ($18 per hour)	22.50
Manufacturing overhead	16.45
Selling and administrative expense	7.20		64.35
Margin per frame		$	7.65

The bike frames could be produced with existing equipment and personnel. Manufacturing overhead is allocated to products on the basis of direct labor-hours. Most of the manufacturing overhead consists of fixed common costs such as rent on the factory building, but some of it is variable. The variable manufacturing overhead has been estimated at $1.12 per WVD drum and $1.30 per bike frame. The variable manufacturing overhead cost would not be incurred on drums acquired from the outside supplier.

Selling and administrative expenses are allocated to products on the basis of revenues. Almost all of the selling and administrative expenses are fixed common costs, but it has been estimated that variable selling and administrative expenses amount to $0.92 per WVD drum whether made or purchased and would be $1.10 per bike frame.

All of the company’s employees—direct and indirect—are paid for full 40-hour workweeks and the company has a policy of laying off workers only in major recessions.

Required:

1. Would you be comfortable relying on the financial data provided by the accounting department for making decisions related to the WVD drums and bike frames?

	Yes
	No

2. Compute the contribution margin per unit for [assume direct labor is a fixed cost]: (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to 2 decimal places.)

3. As soon as your analysis was shown to the top management team at TufStuff, several managers got into an argument concerning how direct labor costs should be treated when making this decision. One manager argued that direct labor is always treated as a variable cost in textbooks and in practice and has always been considered a variable cost at TufStuff. After all, “direct” means you can directly trace the cost to products. “If direct labor is not a variable cost, what is?” Another manager argued just as strenuously that direct labor should be considered a fixed cost at TufStuff. No one had been laid off in over a decade, and for all practical purposes, everyone at the plant is on a monthly salary. Everyone classified as direct labor works a regular 40-hour workweek and overtime has not been necessary since the company adopted Lean Production techniques. Whether the welding machine is used to make drums or frames, the total payroll would be exactly the same. There is enough slack, in the form of idle time, to accommodate any increase in total direct labor time that the bike frames would require.

a. Compute the contribution margin per welding hour for [assume direct labor is a fixed cost]: (Round your final answers to 2 decimal places.)

b. Determine the number of WVD drums (if any) that should be purchased and the number of WVD drums and/or bike frames (if any) that should be manufactured. [Assume direct labor is a fixed cost]

c. What is the increase in net operating income that would result from this plan over current operations? (Do not round intermediate calculations.)

Answer 1

1)	NO
2	Computation of contribution margin per unit of
				Purchased WVD drums	Manufactured WVD drums	Manufactured Bike frames
		Sales	Per Unit	168	168	72
	Less : Variable cost		Per Unit
		Cost of buying		130
		Direct Material			45.2	18.2
		Manufacturing overhead			1.12	1.3
		Selling & distribution overhead		0.92	0.92	1.1
	Total Variable cost per unit			130.92	47.24	20.6
		Margin per unit		37.08	120.76	51.4
3a)	Contribution margin per welding hour
					Manufactured WVD drums	Manufactured Bike frames
	A	Margin per unit			120.76	51.4
	B	Hours per unit			0.8	0.2
	A/B	Contribution margin per welding hour			150.95	257
			Ranking		II	I
3b)	Maximum production				1725	3600	1480
		Welding machine hours consumed			1380	720
	Maximum Sale quntity				3125	3600
		No. of additional WVD drums required to fulfill sales demand			1400
	Maximum quntity that can be bought				1900
		So answer is
			Purchased	manufactured
	WVD drums		1400	1725
	Bike Frames		X	3600
3c)	Computation of increase in net operating Income resulting from this plan
				Purchased WVD drums	Manufactured WVD drums	Manufactured bike frames	Total
	Sales	Quanity		1400	1725	3600
	Selling Price			168	168	72
	Total Sales Revenue			235200	289800	259200	784200
	Less : Variable cost
	Cost of buying			182000			182000
	Direct Material				77970	65520	143490
	Direct Labor
	Manufacturing overhead				1932	4680	6612
	Selling & distribution overhead			1288	1587	3960	6835
		Total Variable cost		183288	81489	74160	338937
		Total contribution Margin		51912	208311	185040	445263
			Current contribution margin		=2625*120.76		316995
			Increase in Net Operating Income				128268	Requirement you needed