Question

• Summarize concepts and importance of the functions of management.
• Summarize concepts of the scientific management, the administrative management, and behavioral management.
• Summarize concepts of the contingency theories.

Answer 1

Management is a process of getting things done through other in an effective and efficient manner. It is a process as it includes the 5 functions of management include planning, organizing, staffing , directing and controlling. These functions of management are continuous and helps in achieving organisational goals . They also help in optimum utilization of resources, avoiding duplication of task and wastage of resources. Management functions help setting clear goals, proper division of work and departmentalization. Not on this it also helps in motivating, guiding and supervision of workers.

The concepts of scientific management were given FW Taylor which is based on four scientific principles that are
(1) Science, Not Rule of Thumb- no hit and trial but doing best task through scientific study
(2) Harmony, Not Discord: Management and workers working together as a team
(3) Cooperation, Not Individualism: Appreciating and encouraging workers suggestions and sharing profits with them
(4) Development of Each and Every Person to His / Her Greatest Efficiency and Prosperity: providing trainig to worker and giving them works as per their capability

Administrative theory was given by Fayol which includes 14 principles like Division of work , Authority and responsibility, scalar chain, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, stability of personnel, centralization and decentralization , initiative , remuneration of employees , esprit de corps, subordination of individual interest to general interest, order,.

Behavioral management theory also called the human relations movement. This theory studies the human behavior at work.It states that a better understanding of human behavior at work, such as motivation, conflict, expectations, and group dynamics lead to improved productivity.There 6 principles which talk about how employees react when they are punished for their behaviors that are outside their control. they respond by speaking bad, showing anger , helplessness or by resignation.

Contingency theory talks about the type of leadership. It says there is no best way to lead or work in an organisation. However the best way is dependent(contingent) upon the external and internal factors and situation. Thus the leader should follow the leadership style where he/she has complete faith that this will fetch result.