Question

Question One (Chapter Two): Pick two of the theories of mis-perception: self-fulfilling prophecy, personality theory, primacy-recency, stereotyping, consistency, attribution of control. Explain them in your own words and give examples. 40-43

Question Two (Chapter Three): What is the difference between hearing and listening? Explain the styles of effective listening. (pages 61 – 67)

Answer 1

• 1.Primacy means it's the first thing you saw/heard and recency is the last thing you saw/heard. In psychology, we talk about the primacy effect and recency effect. These say that a person is more likely to remember the first and last things they saw or heard rather than anything in the middle.These two phenomena together are called the serial position effect.
• The primacy effects occurs due to the information being encoding in the long-term memory. The recency effect occurs due to the information still being held in the short-term memory. The middle information has not been encoded in the LTM and has moved out of the STM and is therefore harder to remember.
• Self-fulfilling prophecy is a concept which states that by predicting a false outcome, we alter our behavior and actions, such that the predicted outcome ultimately becomes true.
• A self-fulfilling prophecy can be described as a false prediction of a situation which alters one's behavior and attitude, which, in turn, causes the prediction to come true.
• This means that, by thinking of an outcome, we model our behavior and actions to lead to that exact outcome even though it might not have necessarily turned out that way.
• Let's say for example that a woman starts dating a man and she does not really look upon the relationship as having any sort of future and turning into something serious.
• She therefore does not invest in it as much causing her partner to feel distanced and leading them to drift apart. When this happens, she thinks back to her initial prediction that the relationship had no future and that she was right.
• 2.An individual’s ability to perceive sounds, by receiving vibrations through ears, is called the hearing. Listening is something done consciously, that involve the analysis and understanding of the sounds you hear.
• The hearing is the primary and continuous in nature, i.e. the first and foremost stage is hearing, followed by listening and it occurs continuously. On the other hand, listening is temporary, as we cannot continuously pay attention to something for long hours.
• The hearing is physiological, which is through one of our senses in the living organisms. On the contrary, listening is a psychological (conscious) act.
• Hearing involves receipt of the message through ears. Conversely, listening encompasses interpretation of the message received by ears.
• The hearing is an inborn ability but listening is a learned skill.
• In the hearing, we are neither aware nor we have any control over the sounds we hear. On the other hand, in listening, we are aware of what the other person is saying and so we listen to acquire knowledge and receive information.
• According to Julian Treasure; listening is an expression of conscious intention, caring, and compassion for one another. If we take the time to truly connect and to listen, we learn far more than through any words that we speak.
• Effective Conscious listening according to him requires to be sitting in silence and paying attention to sound and try hard to unlock the hidden choir of the sound around us.Be appreciative and focused to listen effectively.
• Julian advises people to remember the word "hail." It stands for:Honesty. Authenticity. Integrity. Love.
• The H, honesty, is being true in what you say, being straight and clear. The A is authenticity, just being yourself. The I is integrity, being your word, actually doing what you say, and being somebody people can trust. And the L is love, (in the sense of) wishing people well.
• If we understand that every sound, every word has an impact and a response in those around us we start to become aware of the necessity of conscious listening. And we can take this awareness into every aspect of our lives, including relationships.
• Simply by being aware of where you’re listening from, the pace you’re using with your voice, the register of your voice and your intonation you can begin to become a more active listener and a more conscious speaker.