Question

There is no question. I have to make up my own research question

Research Proposal'

Come up with your own health related question

Work out the critical values

Make up the obtained value

Use the made up data for the test in the bottom portion of docuement

This proposal will include:

Introduction

Should briefly discuss your topic of interest/burning question. Include a brief description of what is known so far on the topic.

Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Conclusions (essentially, Parts ‘B’ and ‘D’)Be sure to include

Type of inferential/causational test and why it’s warranted

The research question

Independent and dependent variables and their scales of measurement, with justification

Null and alternative hypotheses in prose and notation

Alpha, degrees of freedom, and number of tails

N/n (for the entire question and per group, if applicable)

A statement about how the critical and obtained values compare

A statement about the null hypothesis (and alternative if appropriate)

Conclusions

Post-hoc information, if appropriate, including additional conclusions the researcher can now draw

Address your topic with four of the following statistical tests. Reject the null hypothesis in at least two.

Z-test OR one-sample t-test (choose one at most)

t-test

independent samples

related/repeated samples

ANOVA

One-factor, independent-measures OR one-factor, repeated-measures

Factorial (for EC)

Bonus:Chi-square

Goodness of fit OR independence

Correlation

Answer 1

pe of research is different from scientific research because of the degree of formality, rigorousness, verifiability, and general validity of the latter. The essential features of academic research are that it should, as far as possible, be controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical, critical (Kumar, 2011), reliable, systematic, arguable, and challengeable. Regarding the concept of control, in real life, many factors can affect an outcome and, therefore, in exploring the causality in relation to, for example, two variables, it is important that the study is set up in a manner that minimizes the effects of other factors affecting the relationship (Kumar, 2011). This, Kumar notes, can be achieved to a large extent in the physical sciences because most of the research is conducted in a laboratory setting. He, however, opines that in the social sciences, it can be extremely difficult to control external factors as the research is carried out on issues relating to human beings living in a society where such controls are impossible and it will, thus, be necessary to quantify their impact. It appears, Kumar assumes, that such impacts can always be quantified. However, it might not be possible in all cases and even where they can be quantified, an issue that may arise will relate to the appropriate technique to be used and these constitute some of the challenges in the research process. In terms of the rigorousness of academic research, scrupulousness on the part of the research is required to ensure the procedures followed to address problems or find answers to questions are relevant, appropriate, and justified (Kumar, 2011; Lundberg, 1942). These authors observe that the degree of rigor will vary markedly between the physical and social sciences. The concept of validity and verifiability implies that the conclusions, which are made based on the research findings, should be correct and can be verified by the researcher and others (Kumar, 2011). Validity is about the study’s success at measuring or investigating what the researcher sets out to measure or investigate (internal validity) and the extent to which the research findings can be applied to new settings (external validity) (Bell & Bryman, 2011; Bryman, 2012; Bryman & Cramer, 2005; Creswell, 2003, 2009; Curtis & Curtis, 2011; Lincoln & Guba, 2000; Szafram, 2012). Albeit other types of validity exist, it suffices that only internal and external validity is mentioned because the object is to briefly define the concept. Reliability refers to the extent to which a test or any measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials (Bell & Bryman, 2011; Bryman, 2012; Creswell, 2003, 2009; Creswell & Miller, 2000; Curtis & Curtis, 2011; Farrell, 2011; Krippendorff, 2013; Lincoln & Guba, 2000). It is, therefore, about consistency. It is when research procedures or tools used by different researchers yield consistent measurements that researchers are able to satisfactorily draw conclusions, formulate theories, or make claims about the generalizability of their research findings (Creswell, 2003, 2009). Thus, the importance of reliability in academic research cannot be over-emphasized as it determines the validity of research findings. In terms of empirical issues, any conclusions drawn should be based on hard evidence collected from real-life experiences or observations (Kumar, 2011). It, however, needs to be noted that in conducting academic research, not all data will be based on real-life experiences or observations as there can be desktop research, which is considered later. Regarding critical issues, critical scrutiny of the procedures or methods used is crucial to a research inquiry; that is, the process and procedures adopted must be able to withstand critical scrutiny (Kumar, 2011). Academic research is also systematic, arguable, and challengeable. This is because what is to be addressed or investigated [that is, the research problem or question(s)] must, first of all, be established based on the research gap(s) identified in the relevant literature. Second, how the research problem or question(s) are to be addressed has to be determined. Third, data will be collected, presented, and analyzed using appropriate data analysis tools and the research findings discussed. Finally, conclusions and appropriate recommendations will be made. Thus, conducting research is a systematic process that involves the realization of milestones and deliverables. As aptly observed by Kumar (2011), the procedures