Question

4 Explain your concept of evaluation during patient evaluation.

6 define the Safety and security needs that include a safe enviroment and freedom from fear and anxiety.

7 what are basic physiologic needs outlined in Maslow's pyramid?

Answer 1

[Q1]

Evaluation is defined as assessment of the client’s response to nursing interventions and then comparing that response to predetermined standards or outcome criteria.

The purposes of doing a patient evaluation are :

• To etermine client’s behavioral response to nursing interventions.
• To compare the client’s response with pre-determined outcome criteria.
• To appraise the extent to which client’s goals were achieved.
• To assess the collaboration of client and health care team members.
• To identify the flaws/ errors in the plan of care.
• To monitor the quality of nursing care.

The five components of a patient evaluation are as folllows :

1] Collecting the data related to the desired outcomes

This step involves the concise and accurate collection and recording of both subjective & objective data , so that conclusion can be drawn regarding whether goals have been met.  

2] Comparing the data with outcomes

The next step is to determine whether a desired outcome has been met, by comparing the data collected with standard outcomes. Both the nurse and client play an important role in comparing the client’s actual responses with the desired outcomes.

3] Relating nursing activities to outcomes

The third aspect of the evaluating process is determined whether the nursing activities had any relation to the outcome.

4] Drawing conclusion about problem status

The nurse uses the judgement about goal achievement to determine whether the care plan was effective in resolving, reducing or preventing client problems.

If the actual problem stated in the nursing diagnosis has been resolved / the potential problem is being prevented / the risk factors no longer exist, the nurse documents that the goals have been met and discontinues the care for the problem.

If the potential problem is being prevented, but the risk factors still present , the nurse keeps the problem on the care plan.

In some cases,the actual problem persists, even though some goals are being met. In this situation, the nursing interventions should be continued.

5] Continuing, modifying, or terminating the nursing care plan

After drawing a conclusion about the status of the client’s problems , the nurse modifies the care plan .

Depending upon whether goals were met or not , a number of decisions need to be made about continuing, modifying or terminating nursing care for each problem.

The key skilsl required for Nurses to ensure a successful evaluation are :

• Nurse must be aware of the hospital policies, procedure and protocols of interventions and recording.
• Nurse must have up dated knowledge and information of the subject.
• Nurse must have intellectual and technical skils to monitor the effectiveness of nursing interventions.
• Nurse must have knowledge and skill of assimilating subjective data and objective data in a concise and accurate way.

[Q2]

When we have our physiological needs for food and water met, our safety needs dominate our behavior. These needs have to do with our natural desire for a predictable, orderly world that is somewhat within our control.

Safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy refer to the need for security and protection. Safety needs include protection from violence and theft, emotional stability and well-being, health security, and financial security.

Safety needs in today's world can manifest themselves as job security, savings accounts, insurance policies, financial security, and health and well-being.

Some examples of safety needs are discussed below :-

1) Physical Safety

• Insurance Policies ( life insurance, health insurance, vehicle insurance, disaster insurance, etc.)
• Interior Designing & Other Safety Measures (door locking system, the biometric system in offices, proper air quality, fire safety, and proper lighting system to avoid accidents.)
• Security or Safety Features of Gadgets & Vehicles (safety belts, airbags, auto emergency braking system, child safety locks, anti-theft security)
• Security Agencies & Armed Forces
• Job Security (safe and secure job)
• Healthy & Safe Work Environment (security and safety in office premises like fire breakdowns, safety instruments/measures in factories, security systems like CCTV, emergency exits, etc.)

2) Financial Security

• Various Financial Schemes (Saving accounts, fixed deposits, recurring deposits, mutual funds, and insurance plans)
• Government Policies for Labour & Cyber Laws ( eg : Minimum wages act, Compensation act, and labor laws ).

3) Emotional Safety

• Informal Groups (clubs, different social events, parties, informal get together of employees and families, etc.)
• Friendly Environment at the Workplace

[Q3]

The basic physiological needs outlined in the Maslow's hierarchy of needs are food and water, sufficient rest, clothing and shelter, overall health, and reproduction.

EXPLANATION

MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory put forward by Abraham Maslow, which states that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs:.i.e., physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.

Maslow proposed that human needs can be organized into a hierarchy. This hierarchy ranges from much basic needs like food and water to abstract concepts like self-fulfillment.

When a lower need is met, the next need on the hierarchy becomes our priority.

These are the five categories of needs according to Maslow:

1] Physiological needs

These refer to the most basic human survival needs ,which include food and water, sufficient rest, clothing and shelter, overall health, and reproduction.

According to Maslow, some of these needs involve our efforts to meet the body’s need for homeostasis (eg : fluid balance,body temperature etc)..

Maslow considered physiological needs to be the most essential of our needs. If someone is lacking in more than one need, they’re likely to try to meet these physiological needs first.

For example, if someone is extremely hungry, it’s hard to focus on anything else besides food. Another example of a physiological need would be the need for adequate sleep.

2] Safety

Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next need that arises is a safe environment.

Safety needs include protection from violence and theft, emotional stability and well-being, health security, and financial security.

Maslow stares that that in adults living in developed nations, safety needs are more apparent in emergency situations (e.g. war and disasters).

This need can also explain why we tend to prefer the familiar or why we do things like purchase insurance and contribute to a savings account.

3] Love and Belonging

According to Maslow, the next need in the hierarchy involves feeling loved and accepted.

This need includes both romantic relationships as well as bonding with friends and family members.

Physical and emotional intimacy ranging from sexual relationships to intimate emotional bonds are important to achieving a feeling of elevated kinship.

This implies our need to feel that we belong to a social group. Importantly, this need encompasses both feeling loved and feeling love towards others.

4] Esteem needs

Our esteem needs involve the desire to feel good about ourselves.

The primary elements of esteem are self-respect (the belief that you are valuable and deserving of dignity) and self-esteem (confidence in your potential for personal growth and accomplishments).

Maslow specifically points out that self-esteem is of two types:

a) esteem based on respect and acknowledgment from others, and

b) esteem based on your own self-assessment. Self-confidence and independence arise from this type of self-esteem.

5] Self-Actualization

Self-actualization refers to the fulfillment of your full potential as a person.

One unique feature of self-actualization is that it looks different for everyone.

For one person, self-actualization might involve helping others; for another person, it might involve achievements in an artistic or creative field.

According to Maslow, achieving self-actualization is relatively rare, and his examples of famous self-actualized individuals include Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, and Mother Teresa.

Self-actualization needs imply education, skill development ,the refining of talents and broader goals like learning a new language, traveling to new places, and getting acknowledgements.