Question

Describe the historical and sociological factors that affected the evolution of public administrations for the following countries: United States, France, and India. What were the major significant external and internal influences that defined each country’s public administrative system? How and why where they significant?

Answer 1

The implementation of the ideas of the government for shaping the policies towards the effective implementation of the Government’s schemes is referred to as Public administration. In the early ages, United States had a very limited or small public administration. This can be understood by the fact that the great revolution in America was actually against the then prevalent administration and the exceutives. The founding stone or the start of the American Public administration starts with Windrow Wilson’s book “Study of Administration” in the year 1887 , where he stressed the need of setting up a comprehensive public administration structure, which would go hand in hand with the public and work towards the development of the common people. He wanted that the administrative process should be separated from he Political process. In the 1940’s the political scientists began to study the nature of the humans and their expectations from a Government. They studies on how a comprehensive structure could be set to felicitate a functioning body for the administration. Finally in the 1980’s the theory of New Public Management was implemented , which studied the administrative aspects of the development of the rational model of public study.When a comprehensive set up was decided, the primary hurdle was the set up a framework on how and what branches of this wing needed to operate . With the gradual development of these various branches and wings , we now have a full fleged public administration system in United States of America.

By the end of the 19^th Century , France saw the seeds of the Public Administrative system being sowed in its territory. It was then, when the first recruitments were done on a Government level , which gave rise to a school of thoughts , to have a separate branch in the Government to take care of all the executions to be done for the Government. The Political and the Legal were the two dominant wing of the Government in those days, and a need for another third wing was strongly felt , who could administer the correct execution of the Government’s plans and schemes. The French Government in those days had to face a lot of interventions in its work from the existing wings of the Government, as they were not properly organized and lacked communication among themselves. In the gradual phase of a few years, the French realized that a separate wing of the Government was needed which could not only administer and execute the plans f the Government for the people, but also establish a string sense of connect among the other various wings of the Government, for the proper functioning of the Government as a whole. Thus came in to being the French administration and currently exists as one of the best administrative units among the world.

The rise of the Indian Administration began wit the uprising of 1987 in India against the then rulers , the British. It is said that the British were slowly becoming over relaxed in their administration of India , which led to the huge uprising against the then Government. It was the East India Company which had laid the foundation of the civil structure, not only in India, but in the whole of the Sub continent. The different sections of the British administration were formed, such as the Mercantile service, Imperial Service , etc. Their administrative changes were done according to pleasure of the Colonial Emperors. The ones who did not agree to the Colonial decisions, were thrown out the Government services. In the early 1900’s , Indian Civil Service was established to get a platform from where educated and well trained individuals could be picked up directly in t the administrative posts. Later, there was also found a need to set u separate administrative wings of the government , which could be under and supervised these administrators and could carry out their functions. The Civil servants were handsomely paid by the British , as they believed that these are the actual people who helped them in the Governance of a large country like India. These officials , after India became Independent, helped the Indian Government to lay its own administrative wings to set up a controlled and well executed government in Independent India.