Question

Please select 2 topics from both GI AND GU?

Summarize in details and write a 3-4 paragraph review of each topic that you choose? (Note" no handwriting all typed.)

G.I:

1. Hepatitis B

2. Appendicitis

3. Gastritis

G.U:

1.  Endometriosis

2. Urethritis

3. Nephrotic Syndrome

Answer 1

APPENDICITIS

A condition in which the appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus, causing pain.It can be acute or chronic.If left untreated, appendicitis can cause your appendix to burst. This can cause bacteria to spill into your abdominal cavity, which can be serious and sometimes fatal.

TYPES OF APPENDICITIS

Acute appendicitis

Acute appendicitis is a severe and sudden case of appendicitis. The symptoms tend to develop quickly over the course of one to two daysTrusted Source.It requires immediate medical treatment. If left untreated, it can cause your appendix to rupture. This can be a serious and even fatal complication.

Chronic appendicitis

Chronic appendicitis is less common than acute appendicitis. In chronic cases of appendicitis, the symptoms may be relatively mild. They may disappear before reappearing again over a period of weeks, months, or even years.

SYMPTOMS

• pain in your upper abdomen or around your bellybutton
• pain in the lower right side of your abdomen
• loss of appetite
• indigestion
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• constipation
• abdominal swelling
• inability to pass gas
• low-grade fever CAUSES The exact cause of appendicitis is not known.Many of the experts are asuuming thet it can be because the appendix has obstruction or block.It can include   
• a buildup of hardened stool
• enlarged lymphoid follicles
• intestinal worms
• traumatic injury
• tumors DIANOSTIC TESTS
• Physical examination
• complete blood count
• Test to rule out the urinary tract infection
• Pregnancy test..sometimes the ectopic pregnancy can be mistaken for appendicitis.
• Pelvic examination
• Abdominal imaging studies TREATMENT OPTIONS
• surgery to remove your appendix - Appendectomy
• needle drainage or surgery to drain an abscess
• antibiotics
• pain relievers
• IV fluids
• liquid diet Potential complications of appendicitis Appendicitis can cause serious complications. For example, it may cause a pocket of pus known as an abscess to form in your appendix. This abscess may leak pus and bacteria into your abdominal cavity.Appendicitis can also lead to a ruptured appendix. If your appendix ruptures, it can spill fecal matter and bacteria into your abdominal cavity.And can cause fatal condition called peritonitis GASTRITIS
• Gastritis is an inflammation of the protective lining of the stomach. Acute gastritis involves sudden, severe inflammation. Chronic gastritis involves long-term inflammation that can last for years if it's left untreated. Erosive gastritis is a less common form of the condition. SYMPTOMS
• Upper abdominal pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Belching
• Heart burn
• Indigestion CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
• Weakness in your stomach lining allows digestive juices to damage and inflame it, causing gastritis.
• A gastrointestinal bacterial infection can also cause gastritis.
• extreme alcohol consumption
• routine use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and aspirin
• cocaine use
• age, because the stomach lining thins naturally with age
• tobacco use
• stress caused by severe injury, illness, or surgery
• autoimmune disorders
• digestive disorders like Crohn’s disease
• viral infections DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
• Physical examination
• Laboratory investigations to rule out the presence of H pylori
• Endoscopy TREATMENT
• Antibiotics
• Proton pump inhibitors
• Antacids
• Probiotics.

Urethritis

Inflammation of the tube carrying urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.Urethritis is a bacterial or viral infection that causes swelling and irritation of the urethra. It's commonly caused by a sexually transmitted infection.

SYMPTOMS

Dysuria

Feeling the frequent or the urgent need to urinate

Difficulty starting urination.

Itching

Pain while not urinating

pain during sex

Discharge from the urethralopening

In men blood in the semen or urine.

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

Physical examination

History

Urine laboratory tests

TREATMENT

Antibiotics dpends up on the bacteria identified.

Nephrotic Syndrome

A kidney disorder that causes the body to excrete too much protein in the urine.Nephrotic syndrome is often caused by damage to small blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess water from the blood.

Symptoms

• Severe swelling (edema), particularly around your eyes and in your ankles and feet
• Foamy urine, a result of excess protein in your urine
• Weight gain due to fluid retention
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite CAUSES
• Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of tiny blood vessels (glomeruli) of your kidneys.
• Many diseases and conditions can cause glomerular damage and lead to nephrotic syndrome, including:
• Diabetic kidney disease
• Minimal change disease. This is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. Minimal change disease results in abnormal kidney function, but when the kidney tissue is examined under a microscope, it appears normal or nearly normal. The cause of the abnormal function typically can't be determined.
• Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
• Membranous nephropathy
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Amyloidosis. COMPLICATIONS
• Blood clots
• High blood cholesterol and elevated blood triglycerides
• Poor nutrition.
• High blood pressure
• High blood pressure
• Chronic kidney disease
• Infections   DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
• Laboratory test of urine and blood
• Kidney biopsy   TREATMENT
• It has only symptomatic treatment,which includes
• Blood pressure medications
• Diuretics
• Statins
• Anticoagulants
• Immunosuppresants