Question

Below are 5 non directional hypothesis. Restate each one as a directional hypothesis ( NURSING RESEARCH)

1.Tactile stimulation is associated with comparable physiologic arousal as verbal stimulation among infants with congenital heart disease.

2.The risk for hypoglycemia in term newborns is related to the infants birth weight.

3.The use of isotonic sodium chloride solution before endotraheal suctioning is related to oxygen deprivation.

4.Fluid balance is related to degree of success in weaning older adults from mechanical ventilation

5.Nurses administer the same amount of narcotic analgesics to male and female patients

Answer 1

1)Tactile stimulation is associated with comparable physiologic arousal as verbal stimulation among infants with congenital heart disease.
Infants were systematically assigned to different sequences of the various stimuli.Measures of arousal included heart rate,blood pressure,respiration and activity level. Results indicated that the use of touch conducive
to neural excitation (i.e.,intense,vigorous,extensive touching of highly innervated body areas)produced higher heart rates and systolic blood pressure as well as greater activity than did other types of
tactile stimulation or soothing verbal stimulation.Girls appeared more physiologically responsive to touch than boys and a subset of infants showed evidence of distress
during more arousing stimulation.It has been indentified that infants who received regular tactile stimulation not only had a shorter hospital stay but these infants also had increased daily weight gain.These infants also showed
improved coordinated movements,range of postures,along with hand and face movement control.Infants were systematically assigned to different sequence of the various stimuli.Measures of arousal included heart rate,blood pressure,respiration and activity level.Results indicated that the use of touch conductive
to neutral excitation produce higher heart rates and systolic blood pressure as well as greater activity than did other types of tactile stimulation.

2)The risk for hypoglycemia in term newborns is related to the infants birth weight.
The incidence of hypoglycemia is higher in babies with a birth weight of less than 50th percentile for gestational age up to 15% in smal for gestational age infants and in preterm babies varies between 5 to 10%.Hypoglycemia is common following severe birth asphyxia,hypothermia,septicemia and polycythemia.
Neonatal hypoglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level of less than 2.6mmol/L measured after 2 hour of life.Blood glucose was measured routinely for all SGA infants during the first 36hours of life.
The level at which hypoglycemia becomes clinically important is not well understood and the neurodevelopmental consequences of asymptomatic hypoglycemiain term SGA infants are still unknown.Glucose is the primary organic fuel for energy production ,especially for the brain.However,alternative substrates such as ketone bodies,lactate,glycerol,B-Hrdroxybutarate and acetoacetate play an important role in
glucose deprivation status.

3)The use of isotonic sodium chloride solution before endotraheal suctioning is related to oxygen deprivation.
According to the studies,isotonic sodium chloride instillation may decrease oxygen saturation,increased intracranial pressure,arterial blood pressure and cause cardiac dysrythmias,cardiac arrest,respiratory arrest and nosocomial infection.
Insillation of isotonic chloride solution for endotracheal tube suctioning is controversial.Neonates who had isotonic sodium solution instilled experienced significantly greater oxygen desaturation 1 and 2 minutes after suctioning than did patients who did not.No occlusions of endotracheal tubes and no cases of nosocomial pneumonia occurred in either group.

4)Fluid balance is related to degree of success in weaning older adults from mechanical ventilation.
A positive cumulative fluid balance is known to be associated with increased mortality in critucally ill patients.Ther is a strong biological plausibility to believe that the cumulative fluid balance will have its impact on the respiratory outcome of patients.A positive cummulative flid balance leads to increased capillary leak,increase in extravascular
lung water and decrease in lung compliance and may result in respiratory failure both during spontaneous braething trial(SBT) and in the immediate post extubation period.However, extensive use of diuretics in the study population and majority of patients achieving negative fluid balance or euvolemia at the first SBT questions the generalizability of the study results. Similar independent association between positive fluid balance 24 h before extubation and failure of extubation attempt was observed .

5)Nurses administer the same amount of narcotic analgesics to male and female patients.
Narcotic analgesic doses for the entire postoperative period were converted to equinalgesic doses comparable to intramuscular morphine.Male patients received significantly larger initial doses than female patients.There was no gender differences in the total postoperative narcotic analgesics than ethnic minority patients.The gender differences provides modest external validation for prior experimental results.The ethnic differences suggests that irrelevent cues may be used in nurses medication decisions.
Patient gender and race predict the amount of analgesic given to patients in a variety of clinical settings.These findings suggest that, for pain as well as for other medical conditions,7–11 women and minority patients are treated less aggressively. Such findings raise concerns that decisions about pain management may be influenced by patient characteristics unrelated to clinical condition and point to possible treatment biases. It was predicted that patients presented as female and as black would receive lower doses of narcotic analgesics than patients described as male and as white.
There is a statistically significant correlation between the gender of the patient and the quatity of analgesia administered.