Question

Define the following terms:

1. Adduct

2. Apatite

3. Barrett’s esophagus

4. Bleb

5. Cachexia

6. Café au lait spots

7. Cell cycle clock

8. Chimerization

9. Complete carcinogen

10. Concatemer

11. Debulk

12. Dedifferentiation

13. Encapsidation

14. Ex vivo

15. Half-life

Answer 1

1. Adduct:- to move or draw toward the axis of the body or one of its parts (opposed to abduct).
2. Appetite:-the desire for food, stimulated by the sight, smell, or thought of food and accompanied by the flow of saliva in the mouth and gastric juice in the stomach.
3. Barret's esophagus:- Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the flat pink lining of the swallowing tube that connects the mouth to the stomach (esophagus) becomes damaged by acid reflux, which causes the lining to thicken and become red.
4. Bleb:-a bleb is a blister (often hemispherical) filled with serous fluid. Blebs can form in a number of tissues due to different pathologies, including frostbitten tissues.In pathology pulmonary blebs are small subpleural thin walled air containing spaces, not larger than 1-2 cm in diameter.
5. Cachexia:-Cachexia is a “wasting” disorder that causes extreme weight loss and muscle wasting, and can include loss of body fat. This syndrome affects people who are in the late stages of serious diseases like cancer, HIV or AIDS, COPD, kidney disease, and congestive heart failure (CHF).
6. Cafe au lait spots:-café au lait macules, are flat, pigmented birthmarks. The name café au lait is French for "coffee with milk" and refers to their light-brown color. They are also called "giraffe spots," or "coast of Maine spots," which refers to their jagged borders.
7. Cell cycle clock:- The cell division cycle of both mammalian cells and microorganisms, which apparently has both deterministic and probabilistic features, is a clock of sorts in that the sequence of events that comprise it measures time under a given set of environmental conditions.
8. Chimerization:-
9. Complete carcinogen:- A "complete" carcinogen is one which affects tumor cells in all stages of development; an incomplete carcinogen is one which may not have the ability to initiate a tumor but which acts to accelerate its growth.
10. Concatemer:- Multiple copies of a DNA sequence arranged end to end in tandem. Concatenate means to link together in a chain or in a series.
11. Debulk:-Debulking is the reduction of as much of the bulk of a tumour without the intention of a complete erradication. It is usually achieved by surgical removal.
12. Dedifferentitation:- Dedifferentiation is an important biological phenomenon whereby cells regress from a specialized function to a simpler state reminiscent of stem cells. Stem cells are self-renewing cells capable of giving rise to differentiated cells when supplied with the appropriate factors.
13. Encapsidation:- The enclosure of viral nucleic acid within a capsid.
14. Ex vivo:- ex vivo refers to experimentation or measurements done in or on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions.
15. Half- life:-

• Biological half-life, i.e. the period in which the amount of substance inside the living organism is metabolized and eliminated half of its initial amount by normal biological process.
• (In radiobiology) Effective half-life, i.e. the time required for a radioactive material taken in or administered to an organism to undergo radioactive decay and lose half of the amount of its original value.
• (medicine) The time at which a drug, substance, or chemical is reduced to half of its original amount, effectiveness, or radiological activity in biological fluid.