Question

1.Explain the methods are used to avoid material hazards.

2. Explain the control measures for overpressure

3. Explain the Process Design Strategies

4.Describe the Flash point and Auto Ignition temperature

5.Explain the causes of Dust explosions in detail.

Answer 1

Answer:-

1.) Any material or agent item which holds the potential to harm living or non living environment by direct or indirect interaction is known as hazardous materials. Methods to avoid material hazard are as follows :-

• Elimination - reduce using of hazard material as much as possible

• Substitution - Use of less hazardous material at the place where more hazardous materal is used.

•Engineering Control- finding the ways to reduce the use of these hazardous material.

• Administrative Control - performing training of worker and following important procedure.

PPE - making use of personal protective equipment.

2.) Overpressure of process is controlled ising two ways. They are discussed below:-

• Pressure limiting - in this method the pressure is limited in the device. Three ways by which it is performed are monitoring regulation, series regulation and slam shut.

• Pressure relief: - in this method the excess pressure is relifed from the devices. This is performed using four ways and they are internal relief, oil seal, pilot and use of weight or springs.

3.) The major discussion and steps taken for the completion of designing of process is known as process design strategies. The main steps included in process design strategies are:-

• Process structure determination on which the process can be followed.

• Customers participation and involment.

• The degree of service facilities and production by system or can say vertical integration.

• Resources ease of availability and flexibility.

• Capital investment in terms of equipment and human skills in a process.

4.) Minimum temperature of fuel at which fuel releases vapour to form an ignitable mixture in air near it's surface which gives flame for less than five sec is known as flash point.

Minimum temperature at which a body ignites or vaporize to gases without any external source is known as auto ignition point.

5.) The basic cause of dust explosion are:-

• The ignition of cumbustible dust which are suspended in air.

•When these dust particle is burned it produces enough of heat.

•It occurs when dust particles disperse in right concentration and confinement of dust cloud occur.

•The suspended particles have enough size to spread the flame.

•It occurs when the ignition source is in contact with the particles.