In: Civil Engineering
2. Aggregate toughness and abration characteristics can be determined using Los Angeles machine.
3.
a) Air entraining admixtures:
-> effects on fresh concrete: Air entraining admixtures is replacement of fine aggregate as small bubbles of Air. Air entraining admixtures produce millions of non coalescing air bubbles, which will act as flexible ball bearings and will modify the properties of plastic concrete regarding workability, segregation, bleeding and finishing quality of fresh concrete.
-> effects on hardened concrete: Regarding hardened concrete it's resistance to Frost action and permeability increases.
b) superplasticizers:
-> effects on fresh concrete: It improves the workability of concrete.
-> effects on hardened concrete: Usage of superplasticizers upto certain limit will improve compressive strength after exceeding the limit compressive strength decreases.