Question

The effects of globalization on gender equality are complex and may vary across contexts. Discuss whether AND how processes of globalization are likely to increase or reduce gender equality in the developed world and in the developing world.

Answer 1

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Introduction

The demand for female workers in the export and ICT-enabled sectors has increased, and as women have filled these new jobs, the gender distribution of employment across sectors and across countries has changed. Women have moved out of agriculture and into manufacturing and particularly services. These changes have taken place across all countries, but female (and male) employment in the manufacturing and services has grown faster in developing than developed countries, reflecting broader changes in the global distribution of production and labor.

In following way globalization processes will reduce gender equality

A) Increased access to information, primarily through television and the Internet, allows countries to learn about social mores in other places, which can change perceptions and promote the adoption of more egalitarian attitudes

B) Economic empowerment for women reinforces this process by promoting changes in gender roles and allowing women to influence time allocation, shift relative power within the household and exercise agency more broadly.

1) Developing Countries - Women Share

In developing countries, the shares of female manufacturing and service employment in global female employment increased from 6 and 17 percent respectively in 1987 to 7 and 24 percent in 2007.

2) Developed Countries - Women Share

In contrast, in developed countries the share of female manufacturing employment in global female employment fell from 12 percent in 1987 to 6 in 2007, while the share of female service employment rose from 44 to 46 percent over the same period Changes in male employment shares were qualitatively similar but different in magnitude

Criticism

Globalization has the potential to contribute to greater gender equality. However, in the absence of public policy, globalization alone cannot end gender inequality. Despite significant increases in agency and in access to economic opportunities for many women in many countries, large gender gaps remain in some areas. Public action is needed to close gender gaps in endowments, agency, and access to economic opportunities. Only then will countries be able to capitalize on the potential of globalization as a force for greater gender equality.

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