Question

1.

a) Compare/contrast muscle and adipose tissue in the lean state versus chronic inflammatory state.

b)How is it that the hormones epinephrine (muscle) and glucagon (liver) can cause a very rapid release of large numbers of glucose molecules?

c) Glycogen is a highly branched structure with many nonreducing ends. Why is this important for the function of glycogen?

Answer 1

a) the lean state increase level of anti inflammatory adipokines. example is adiponectin. there will be low level of pro Inflammatory adipokines such as cytokines and lectin. in obese state, hypertonic adipocytes and macrophage decrease the level of adiponectin and increase the level of pro inflammatory adipokine and cytokines. this is leading to metabolic Inflammation. the Muscles are lean that means there will be no fat addition, it can be obtained by constant training. in the case of obese, they are fat added muscles by the dietary problems.

b) when the blood glucose is dropping too low, there will be production of adrenalin. this is causing the liver to produce stored glycogen to glucose. glucose is released . this is causing the rapid release of glucose molecules. also by this epinephrine production , cause the postabsorptive state. this is causing the increase the production of hepatic Glucose .

c) the branching increases the solubility of the glycogen. this branching creates more non reducing ends and thereby the glycogen synthesis nd degradation rate can be increased many times. storage is the main function.