Question

My topic id police brutality. This assignment will assess the following competency: 7. Develop an annotated bibliography from secondary research. Directions: Now that you have begun your primary research, this week you are going to organize your secondary research and create an annotated bibliography. Read about annotated bibliographies at Purdue Owl. This annotated bibliography will contain sources you have read on your topic that you plan to use in your final paper. The sources must be peer-reviewed. For more information on peer-reviewed sources go to the following resource: Finding Quality Websites and Juried Articles. For this assignment, you need to find and read 6 scholarly sources. Then, compose an Annotated Bibliography in APA 6th edition format (Proper APA formatting includes sources organized in alphabetical order with a hanging indent, among other things). For each source, you need to include a summary of the article and an analysis of the article.

Answer 1

Bibliography:

1. Iyengar, S. ( 1994). Is Anyone Responsible?: How Television Frames Political Issues.American Politics and Political Economy Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

The researcher explored the relationship between the nature of news coverage and the public opinion about instances of police brutality as just and valid versus unjust and unlawful. The study was based on the idea that mainstream media largely represents the interests of the elite and the politically powerful groups. It thus depicts news about police acting in an extreme situation as episodic and fragmented often leaving it to the audience to fill in the gaps in the lopsided news bulletin. both of these qualities of the news lead the audience to perceive the police personnel as morally justified in the use of violence to curtail a criminal offence which is instead presented not as a personal act of an unlawful person but as a social problem. The discourse of social problem is therefore channelised by the news channel to de-emphasise on the police brutality.

2. Lawrence, R.G. ( 2000). The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality. Berkeley: University of California Press.

The research is based on a discourse analysis of the circulation of crime news within the 21 st century United States by mainstream media and its influences on the popular perception about police brutality. The author found that the coverage of dramatic news in the media tends to sensationalise the nature of the crime and is likely to cast the acting police personnel in an aggressive role. Thus, more dramatic news coverage leads to a greater tendency towards perceiving the police as being more brutal.

3. Miller, L. (2015, January 12). When cops kill: The psychology of deadly-force encounters. PoliceOne. Retrieved from http://www.policeone.com/health-fitness/articles/8104031-When-cops-kill-The-psychology-of-deadly-force-encounters/

The research is based on an analyses of the causes attributed to an act of crime by the political claim makers who are identified as a primary source of news by the news media. According to the study, ‘individualising claims’ are made by law and order personnel, political actors who rationalise the use of force by a police officer as a necessity against violent and deviant criminals, while more critical systemic claims are made by activists, residents of minority community, academic experts who interpret police brutality as a social problem embedded within the larger systemic failure of the judiciary. The research concluded that official individualising claims dominate in the news about police brutality.

4. D.K. (2015, April 27). What the cops say [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2015/04/policing-america

The research explored the perception of police personnel about the media coverage of their actions using interview and the analysis of video records of major crime news in the late 1990s. The study found that there is a greater suspicion and bitterness among the police about the media portrayals about the use of police force without creating equal awareness in the public about the dangers and difficulties faced by the police officers on the ground. The writer also discusses potential solutions to the problem of stigma against police, such as community policing and changing police assessment procedures.

5. Suresh, A. (2017, March 4). Police brutality: A statistical perspective. Harvard Political Review. Retrieved from http://www.harvardpolitics.com/online/ statistical-police-investigation-viewing-police-brutality-data-driven-lens/

The article compares the real incidents of police brutality with the perceptions of the public about police brutality. The author also acknowledges that statistical data though important for analysis, alone cannot explain brutality.

6. Wihbey, J, & Leighton, W. K. (n.d.). Excessive or reasonable force by police? Research on law enforcement and racial conflict. Retrieved April 30, 2018 from https://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/police-reasonable-force-brutality-race-research-review-statistics

The paper discusses the issue of extreme force by police officers and the general minority communities’ views of police and the importance of officer training.