Question

describe the setup of the fluoride-selective electrode

Answer 1

In the lanthanum fluoride electrode, the sensing element is a crystal of lanthanum fluoride LaF3, doped with europium fluoride EuF2 to create lattice vacancies. Such a crystal is an ionic conductor by virtue of the mobility of fluoride ions which jump between lattice vacancies. An electrochemical cell may be constructed using such a crystal as a membrane separating two fluoride solutions. This cell acts as a concentration cell with transference where the fluoride transport number is 1. As transference of charge through the crystal is almost exclusively due to fluoride, the electrode is highly specific to fluoride. The only ion which significantly interferes is hydroxide (OH−). Generally such "alkaline error" can be avoided by buffering the sample to a pH below 7.
Cell diagram[edit]
The cell diagram of a typical experimental arrangement is:
Ag,AgCl|NaF|LaF3|fluoride analyte solution
where:
Hg|1/2Hg2Cl2 | KCl(sat) is an external reference electrode
NaF,NaCl | AgCl,Ag | is an internal reference inside the fluoride selective electrode
Reference electrode[edit]
Some commercially available reference electrodes have an internal junction which minimizes the liquid junction potential between the sample solution and the electrolyte in the reference electrode (KCl). The internal electrolyte is at fixed composition and the electrode response is given by the Nernst equation:
E = E0 − RT/F ln aF−,
where:
E is the measured cell potential,
E0 is the standard cell potential,
R is the ideal gas constant,
T is the temperature in kelvins,
F is the Faraday constant (9.6485309×104 C/mol).
aF− is the activity of the fluoride ion.