Question

****Describe why it arises, in other words, what part of the endocrine regulatory mechanism is not working properly.
****Explain why the dysfunction leads to the symptoms typically associated with the condition.

****Describe how the condition is treated and why that treatment would be effective.

Diabetes mellitus: there are 2 major types of this disease (Type I and Type II), so make sure to discuss both of them.

Answer 1

1) Diabetes is due to the improper regulatory mechanism of endocrine organ pancreas. It is either due to the incapability of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin or due to inefficiency of insulin receptors to bind with insulin.

2) Diabetes is characterised by a decline in glucose utilization, poor glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, glucosuria. These are the typically associated symptoms. All are due to high levels of glucose in body fluids due to the inability of the body to utilize glucose. Since insulin is not available to act upon glucose, it is not metabolized leading to its elevation in blood. In severe diabetes, glucose crosses glomerular filter and appears in urine.

Cataract, enhanced fat and protein catabolism, low respiratory quotient, peripheral neuropathy, atherosclerosis, polyuria polydypsia are other symptoms, if the condition is not controlled.

3) People with diabetes must take responsibility for their day-to-day care. This includes monitoring blood glucose levels, dietary management, maintaining physical activity, keeping weight and stress under control, monitoring oral medications and, if required, insulin use via injections or pump.Diabetes is a silent killer and can be a risk factor for heart attack, measures to control blood pressure and cholesterol levels are an essential part of diabetes treatment as well. Modifying eating habits and increasing physical activity are typically the first steps toward reducing blood sugar levels.

Sometimes blood sugar levels remain high in people with type 2 diabetes even though they eat in a healthy manner and exercise. When this happens, medications taken in pill form may be prescribed. The medications work in several different ways. These include improve the effectiveness of the body's natural insulin, reduce blood sugar production, increase insulin production and inhibit blood sugar absorption.

Type I diabetes is insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile diabetes mellitus. It results from failure of beta cells to produce insulin. The patient responds well to insulin therapy. Hypoglycemia (abnormally low blood glucose level) can happen on overdosage of insulin.

Type II diabetes is known as insulin independent diabetes mellitus or adult onset. It results from a failure in binding of the receptor with insulin. The patient may be obese and overweight and nonresponsive to insulin therapy. On reducing obesity, number of glucose receptors increases in target cell, become responsive to insulin therapy. glucose tolerance is improved and the plasma insulin level falls.