Question

please use own words don't plagiarise,

1. Provide a high-level overview of the US health care system. Discuss how your personal worldview may influence your perspective on the healthcare system in relation to cost, quality, and access.( Explain in details and with references to support)

2. Discuss the commonalities and differences between individual and population health. Provide an example of each, along with a time when a provider would be concerned about both concurrently..( Explain in details and with references to support)

3. The Pareto efficiency is a simple idea, but it is difficult to achieve. Why is this? Provide an example. ( Explain in details and with references to support)

4. Describe perfect competition as it relates to health care economics. What are the key characteristics? Does perfect competition provide an advantage or disadvantage to the consumer? To the health care provider/organization? Provide an example of perfect competition within health care.( Explain in details and with references to support)

please use APA 6 references to cite them

for all the questions.... thank you

Answer 1

1.The U.S.health care system is not a universally accessible system – it is a publicly and privately-funded patchwork of fragmented systems   and programs. Insured Americans are covered by both public and private health insurance, with a majority covered by private insurance plans through their employers.

Achieving Better Care requires coordinating services across a complex health care system. The health care industry employs millions of workers providing billions of services each year. Improving care requires facilities and providers to work together to expand access, enhance quality, and reduce disparities.There are more facilities like insurance provided for people and also health professional like medicare.

Eg. Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), Health care spending and the Medicare Program

Eg. Long-term care providers and services users in the United States: data from the National Study of Long-Term Care Providers,

Healthcare coverage is provided through a combination of private health insurance and health coverage (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid). The United States does not have a universal healthcare program, unlike most other developed countries.

The most of the percentage like 63% of health spending was paid for by the government,and funded via programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program, and the Veterans Health Administration. People aged under 65 acquire insurance via their or a family member's employer, by purchasing health insurance on their own, getting government and/or other assistance based on income or another condition, or are uninsured. Health insurance for public sector employees is primarily provided by the government in its role as employer.

Prohibitively high cost is the primary reason Americans have problems accessing health care.

Lack of health insurance is associated with increased mortality, about sixty thousand preventable deaths per year, depending on the study.

Health care is extremely costly in the United States. Although the rate of growth in spending has attenuated in recent years , per capita spending on health care is estimated to be 50 to 200 percent greater in the United States than in other economically developed countries .Despite leading the world in costs, however, the United States ranks twenty-sixth in the world for life expectancy and ranks poorly on other indicators of quality .

Future efforts to reduce costs and promote quality will undoubtedly involve a multimodal approach. First, due to substantial differences in practice patterns that lead to varying degrees of health care quality within a region, we should strive to tailor payments to decision-making entities (clinicians or health care organizations) based, in part, on measures of quality.

A reduction of aggressive health care that is not cost-effective is a national priority. However, we must also ensure that cost-cutting does not compromise health care quality and patient outcomes. Given the evidence that high intensity care can improve patient outcomes, policymakers should use the scalpel, rather than the hacksaw, to reduce unwarranted variation in care.

Reference :

*.complex relationships between cost and quality in US health care by Leah A Burke., MD ANDREW, M RYAN, PHD

*american views of health care cost, acess, quality by ROBERT AND BLENDON, TAMI BUHR

2.I will argue that the relationship between individual and population health is largely relative and dynamic. Their interrelated dynamism derives from a causally defined life course perspective on health determination starting from an individual’s conception through growth, development and participation in the collective till death, all seen within the context of an adaptive society. Indeed, it will become clear that neither individual nor population health is identifiable or even definable without informative contextualization within the other.

“Population health” is a relatively new, rather fashionable term in the medical field.but in case of definition of individual health” which is often seen as the complement of population health.

Reference :

*The relationships between individual and populations health by oneye buchi.

3).The theory suggests that Pareto improvements will keep enhancing value to an economy until it achieves a Pareto a equilibrium, where no more Pareto  improvements can be made. Conversely, when an economy is at Pareto efficiency,  any change to the allocation of resources will make at least one individual worse.

Consider an economy that contains only one good, which everyone likes. Then every allocation is Pareto efficient  : the only way to make someone better off is to give them more of the good, in which case someone else will have less of the good, and hence be worse off.

Example

An economy contains two people's and two goods,apples and bananas. Person 1 like apples and dislike banana(the more banana she has, the worse off she is) ,and person 2 like banana s and dislikes apples. There are 100 apples and 100 banana s available.

The only allocation that is Pareto efficient is that in which person 1 has all the applies and person 2 has all the bananas. For any other allocation, one of the persons has some units of the good she does not like, and would be better off if the other person had those units.

Pareto inefficient because there is a possibility of increasing output of both goods A and B. It would be a Pareto improvement as the total output in the economy increases.

Pareto efficient because there is no Pareto improvement possible. Increasing the output of one good would decrease the output of the other good.

Reference :

*Financial modeling and valuation analyst by CFI

4)The ideal economic structure is perfect competition which has the following characteristics: many sellers (firms)and many buyers and each one individually too small to affect price levels so they are all price-takers not price-setters; homogeneous products .

Competition in health care markets benefits consumers because it helps contain costs, improve quality, and encourage innovation.

The agency also provides guidance to market participants -- including physicians and other health professionals, hospitals and other institutional providers, pharmaceutical companies and other sellers of health care products, and insurers -- to help them.

Examination of resource allocation in the health-care industry is complicated because the market characteristics differ from those in a perfectly competitive market. The market for health-care services is considered an imperfect market because -- 1)Health care is a heterogeneous product, as the patient can experience a range of outcomes; 2) Patients who are insured have third-party payers covering their direct medical expenses; and 3) A "market price" is lacking, i.e., no feedback mechanism exists that reflects the value of the resources used in health care.

Health care is, in many respects, similar to other goods and services. It is produced with resources that are scarce relative to human wants. Thus every society must have control mechanisms for determining how much health care to produce, how to produce it, and how to distribute it among the population. In principle, only three types of mechanisms are available: the market, central direction, and traditional norms. It has characterized these alternatives as the exchange system, the threat system, and the integrative system. All modern societies use a combination of the three, but the proportions vary greatly from country to country and from time to time within the same country.

Examples of perfect competition

In the real world, it is hard to find examples of industries which fit all the criteria of ‘perfect knowledge’ and ‘perfect information’. However, some industries are close.

1. Foreign exchange markets. Here currency is all homogeneous. Also, traders will have access to many different buyers and sellers. There will be good information about relative prices. When buying currency it is easy to compare prices

Obviously, health care market not meet the conditions of perfect competition . In health care there are firms that have market  power and are able to move and set prices. For example, a rural community that has only one hospital is essentially a monopoly within that geographic area.

Reference :

*The competition revolution in health care by Victor R. Fuchs.