Question

Describe the five ways that antibodies work in the immune system

Answer 1

Answer=

Antibodies works in the immune system as follow:

1]Neutralization= Neutralizing pathogens or changed cells is one of the most important tasks of antibodies.They attach directly to the surface of a virus or bacterium & stop the pathogen from attaching itself to a normal body cell & infecting it.

or the antibody binds to toxins produced by bacteria.these substances can then no longer enter the body cells and damage them.

2] Activating many defense cells= Antibodies can activate many different defense cells ,which are in the blood,lymph fluid and the tissue.these include scavenger cells (phagocytes) in the tissue,blood platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood and mast cells ,which are responsible for many allergic reactions.

Scavenger cells can take in the germs better and faster ,to digest them in the in the inside of the cell.

3] Activating the complement system= Antibodies are also capable of activating various other proteins that enhance the defense reaction.the proteins of the complement system have different effects:They can directly damage the cell walls of pathogens,widen blood vessels and support inflammatory reaction.

Many proteins of the complement system can also attract defense cells to the site of the infection & activates scavenger cells,which then dissolve & distroy the germs.

4]Opsonization= the immune system has specialized white blood cells called phagocytes.these cells are designed specifically to destroy & consume enemy cells.with opsonization,antibodies bind to the pathogen & release a chemical to attract the phgocytic cells.