In: Chemistry
1. Cost - some enzymes are very very expensive. ATP is most often involved as phophorylating agent, other nucleoside triphosphates (NTP), including GTP, CTP, and UTP transfer the nucleoside phosphate moiety. In vivo, complex biosynthetic processes regulate the concentration of cofactors for reaction. As it is necessary to maintain one molecule of cofactor per turnover, the concentrations of cofactors are controlled with high efficiency. In enzyme-catalyzed organic synthesis, the high cost of cofactors has inhibited their use as stoichiometric reagents.
2. Substrate specificity: Enzymes can exhibit extremely high substrate specificities, which can be a problem if the enzyme doesn't accept your substrate.
3. Enzyme stability: Enzymes usually operate in an aqueous environment; they therefore tend to be more unstable in the organic solvents which are often required to solubilise the reacting substrate. The stability of enzymes in organic solvents depends on the hydrophilicity of the enzyme - hydrophilic enzymes tend to be less stable in organic solvents. Because enzymes must maintain specific three-dimensional shapes to retain catalytic activity.
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