Question

a) Based on standard design principles and practices, describe how the roof and drainage system of a building may be designed.

b) Describe three main drainage systems which are typically required in a building.

c) What are the main stages of a structural construction project?

d) Identify at least three promising building materials’ trends in the construction industry in recent years.

My subject is Plant Engineering

Answer 1

A : It’s important that the roof drainage system on your next commercial building is properly designed.It’s important that the roof drainage system on your next commercial building is properly designed. Buildup of rainwater on a roof can cause structural damage and leaks. Improper gutter drainage can cause erosion of soils and foundation issues. It is important for architects, plumbing engineers, and civil engineers to work together to design a system that will properly drain rainwater from a building and site.

1.Internal roof drains:

These will drain to somewhere near the center of the roof and down through the building to underground storm mains or a detention pond. This form of roof drainage is preferred if a clean exterior appearance is desired. The roof is sloped towards the drain through either tapered insulation or through joist modifications below the roofline.

2. External downspouts/gutters

These will drain to the exterior of the building with downspouts and ultimately discharge at grade to sheet flow, or to be hard-piped to an underground storm system or detention pond. This form of drainage is preferred to prevent water from pooling on the roof and keeps rainwater from being routed through the building.

3. Secondary Drainage

Secondary (or emergency) roof drainage is required wherever the buildup of water is detrimental to the roof structure. Secondary drainage shall be provided through the use of sidewall scuppers or internal roof drains. In either case, the discharge shall be located so that it is readily visible by building occupants.

B :

The types of residential drainage systems are:

1)Surface
2)Subsurface
3)Slope
4)Downspout/gutters

Surface Drainage Systems

Surface drainage systems contain shallow ditches dug in a parallel pattern, which act as canals for run-off water. Theses ditches lead the water into the main drain to avoid water pooling and flooding.

Subsurface Drainage Systems

A subsurface drainage system is also known as a French drain. Subsurface drains are placed beneath the top layer of soil to remove excess water at the root level. Subsurface drains require the digging of deep ditches and the installation of underground pipes. A large collector drain is installed to collect water from the pipes.

Slope Drainage Systems

Slope drains allow water to flow downward from a structure with the aid of pipes moving down a slope. A pipe is installed and anchored into a small incline, which causes water to flow through the pipe and away from the structure.

Downspout and Gutter systems

Downspouts collect water from gutters and divert it to the ground. A downspout is typically connected to a gutter system on a building and carries water away from the roof down to the ground. Downspouts empty out the water on a slope so that the water does not pool at the base of the downspout.

Combined drainage systems use a single drain to convey both water from sanitary usage and rainwater from roofs and other surfaces to a shared sewer. This system is economical to install. Separate drainage systems use separate foul water drains that lead to a sanitary sewer. The rainwater from roofs and other surfaces is conveyed in a separate surface water drain into a surface water sewer. This system is relatively expensive to install.

C :

A standard construction project, in general, has following five major life cycle phases:

1. Initiation
2. Planning
3. Execution
4. Performance and monitoring
5. Closure

D : Building materials in the construction industry

1. Plastic use in building construction .

2. Bamboo is seen as a commonly used material in the building construction industry for scaffolding purposes as well as a building material. Reinforcing it with concrete, makes it more durable as a building material, while also allows good resistance to earthquakes.

3. Cigarette butts : What cause harm to the human body can actually contribute towards a sustainable building constructions. 1.2 millions of cigarette butts is relegated to trash. Scientists from RMIT University in Australia have figured out to infuse the butts into bricks to provide strength to a conventional building material.

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