Question

Which statements describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries?

-Lymphatic capillaries have a layer of smooth muscle in their walls.

-Collagen filaments anchor the endothelium to loose connective tissue.

-The endothelial cells are not tightly joined together.

-Lymphatic capillaries are part of a closed circuit.

Which of the cells are lymphoid cells (lymphocytes)?

-B cells

-antigens

-helper T cells

-hematopoietic stem cells

Which leukocyte can destroy microorganisms and remove cell debris?

-plasma cell

-dendritic cell

-macrophage

-T lymphocyte

Which is a function of lymph nodes?

-to filter out toxins, such as alcohol

-to store platelets

-to filter out old, damaged red blood cells

-to filter out foreign material and cell waste

What is the lymph‑related function of the appendix?

-secretes lipases that break down triglycerides

-connects the small intestine to the lymph nodes

-removes excess fluid from the small intestine

-protects the intestines from foreign antigens

Answer 1

1 ans) option b. Collagen filaments anchor the endothelium to loose connective tissue is the correct answer.

Explaination:

b. Collagen filaments appear as individual units, or aggregated into bundles that are disposed parallel to the long axis of the lymphatic capillary wall and extend for long distances into the adjoining connective tissue. Interstitial fluid slips through spaces between the overlapping endothelial cells that compose the lymphatic capillary. Collagen fibers anchor a lymphatic capillary in the connective tissue.

a. Lymphatic capillaries have a layer of smooth muscle in their walls: Lymphatic capillaries do not contain smooth muscle nor do they have a well developed adventitia, only small elastic filaments that perform a similar function.

c. The endothelial cells are not tightly joined together: Intercellular junctions mediate adhesion and communication between adjoining endothelial and epithelial cells. In the endothelium, junctional complexes comprise tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions.

d. Lymphatic capillaries are part of a closed circuit: Lymphatic capillaries are formed by a one cell-thick layer of endothelial cells and represent the open end of the system, allowing interstitial fluid to flow into them via overlapping cells.

2 ans). option a. B cells

option c. helper T cells, are the correct answers.

Explaination:

a. B cells, c. helper T cells: Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity) such as T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adaptive immunity), and B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph.

b. antigens: Antigens are generally proteins. But they can be lipids, carbohydrates or nucleic acids. Antigens can be of three types – Exogenous, endogenous and autoantigens. Antigens can also be foreign bodies that stimulate the immune system of the body.

d. hematopoietic stem cells: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to different types of blood cells, in lines called myeloid and lymphoid. Myeloid and lymphoid lineages both are involved in dendritic cell formation.

3 ans). Option b. Dendritic cells, Option c. Macrophages are the correct answers.

Explaination:

b. Dendritic cells: these represent a class of professional antigen-presenting cells whose primary function is to alert the immune system,  Dendritic cells (DCs) phagocytose(engulf), process, and present bacterial antigens to T lymphocytes to trigger adaptive immunity.

c. macrophage: these are white blood cell that are important part of our immune system. A macrophage has the ability to locate and 'eat' particles, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Macrophages are versatile cells that play many roles. As scavengers, they rid the body of worn-out cells and other debris. Along with dendritic cells, they are foremost among the cells that present antigens, a crucial role in initiating an immune response.

a. Plasma cells: also called plasma B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the bone marrow and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substances called antigens.

d. T lymphocytes: these are necessary for cell mediated immunity, which is an immune response that involves the activation of immune cells to fight infection. T cells function to actively destroy infected cells, as well as to signal other immune cells to participate in the immune response.

4 ans). Option c. to filter out old, damaged red blood cells and

Option d. to filter out foreign material and cell waste are the correct answers.

Explaination:

c. to filter out old, damaged red blood cells, d. to filter out foreign material and cell waste: Lymph nodes are important for the proper functioning of the immune system, they acting as filters for foreign particles, damaged cells, dead cells and cancer cells.

a. to filter out toxins, such as alcohol: Lymph nodes do not have a detoxification function.

b. to store platelets: Blood cells stores RBC's WBC's Plasma cells and Platelets.

5 ans). Option b. connects the small intestine to the lymph nodes is the correct answer.

Explaination:

b. connects the small intestine to the lymph nodes is the correct answer: appendix becomes blocked either by hard fecal material (called a fecalith) or swollen lymph nodes in the intestine that can occur with various infections.

a. secretes lipases that break down triglycerides: Human pancreatic lipase are enzyme secreted by pancreas that breaks down dietary fat(triglyceride) molecules in the human digestive system, it is one of the main digestive enzymes, converting triglyceride substrates found in ingested oils to monoglycerides 3 and free fatty acids 2a and 2b.

c. removes excess fluid from the small intestine: It can be achieved by process called  abdominal tap, by which excessive intestinal fluid can be removed.

d. protects the intestines from foreign antigens: Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) line the surface of intestine they play important roles in the digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and protection of the human body from foreign antigens, microbial infections.

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